I-China iphinikhodi ye-molybdenum encibilikayo ephezulu yokuncibilika kwensimbi Umkhiqizi Nomphakeli

iphinikhodi ye-molybdenum encibilikayo ephezulu yokuncibilika kwensimbi

Incazelo emfushane:

I-Molybdenum yaziwa ngempela ngendawo yayo yokuncibilika ephezulu, okuyenza ibe yinto ebalulekile yokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, okuhlanganisa ukuncibilika kwensimbi nezinye izinqubo zezimboni. Indawo yokuncibilika ephezulu ye-Molybdenum, engaba ngu-2,623 degrees Celsius (4,753 degrees Fahrenheit), iyivumela ukuthi imelane nezinga lokushisa elidlulele, okuyenza ifanelekele ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni lapho ezinye izinto zingancibilika khona noma zonakaliswe.

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Yiziphi izakhi ezinamazinga aphezulu okuncibilika?

Izakhi ezimbalwa zaziwa ngamaphoyinti azo aphezulu wokuncibilika, okuwenza abe wusizo ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene zezimboni, zesayensi, nezobuchwepheshe. Amanye ama-elementi anamaphoyinti ancibilika aphezulu kakhulu ahlanganisa:

1. I-Tungsten: I-Tungsten inendawo ephakeme kakhulu yokuncibilika kuzo zonke izinsimbi, cishe u-3,422 degrees Celsius (6,192 degrees Fahrenheit). Leli phuzu lokuncibilika elikhethekile lenza i-tungsten ibaluleke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu njengemboni ye-aerospace, othintana nabo kagesi kanye neziko lokushisa eliphezulu.

2. I-Rhenium: I-Rhenium inendawo yesithathu ephakeme kakhulu yokuncibilika kuzo zonke izakhi, cishe ngo-3,180 degrees Celsius (5,756 degrees Fahrenheit). Indawo ephezulu yokuncibilika ye-Rhenium nokumelana nokuguga nokugqwala kuyivumela ukuthi isetshenziswe ezinhlelweni zokushisa okuphezulu, okuhlanganisa ama-superalloy ezinjini ze-aerospace nezinjini zegesi yezimboni.

3. I-Osmium: I-Osmium inendawo yokuncibilika ecishe ibe ngu-3,033 degrees Celsius (5,491 degrees Fahrenheit), okuyenza ibe enye yezinto ezinezinga eliphezulu lokuncibilika. I-Osmium isetshenziswa kuma-alloy athile okushisa okuphezulu nasezinhlelweni ezikhethekile ezidinga ubulukhuni obuphezulu kakhulu nokumelana nokugqwala.

4. I-Tantalum: I-Tantalum inezinga eliphezulu lokuncibilika cishe elingu-3,020 degrees Celsius (5,468 degrees Fahrenheit). Indawo ephezulu yokuncibilika ye-Tantalum kanye nokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu kuyenza ibe wusizo ezintweni zokusebenza zokucubungula amakhemikhali, izingxenye zesithando somlilo esishisa kakhulu, nezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi.

5. I-Molybdenum: I-Molybdenum inezinga eliphezulu lokuncibilika, cishe elingu-2,623 degrees Celsius (4,753 degrees Fahrenheit). Indawo ephezulu yokuncibilika ye-Molybdenum kanye nokuhamba kwayo okuhle kakhulu kokushisa namandla emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kuyenza ibe wusizo ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene zokushisa okuphezulu, okuhlanganisa i-aerospace, ukuzivikela kanye nezinqubo zezimboni.

Lawa ma-elementi anenani lamaphuzu awo aphezulu okuncibilika, okubavumela ukuthi bagcine ubuqotho besakhiwo nokusebenza emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Izakhiwo zabo eziyingqayizivele zibenza babaluleke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni lapho izinto zingaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu nokucindezeleka okushisayo.

Yiziphi izici ezithinta indawo yokuncibilika?

Iphuzu lokuncibilika lezinto lithintwa yizici ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amandla e-intermolecular, ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana, nokucindezela kwangaphandle. Nazi ezinye izici ezibalulekile ezinomthelela endaweni yokuncibilika kwento:

1. Amandla e-Intermolecular: Amandla wamandla e-intermolecular phakathi kwama-molecule anethonya elikhulu endaweni yokuncibilika. Izinto ezinamandla anamandla e-intermolecular, njenge-ionic noma i-covalent bond, ngokuvamile zinamaphuzu aphezulu okuncibilika. Isibonelo, izinhlanganisela zensimbi ne-ionic zivame ukuba namaphuzu aphezulu okuncibilika ngenxa yamandla okubopha kwawo.

2. Usayizi we-molecule nokuma: Ubukhulu nokuma kwe-molecule kuthinta indawo encibilikayo. Ama-molecule amakhulu anezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuvamile anezindawo zokuncibilika eziphakeme ngenxa yokwanda kwendawo kanye nokusebenzisana okunamandla kwama-intermolecular. Ngokuphambene, ama-molecule amancane, ayindilinga angase abe namaphuzu aphansi ancibilika.

3. I-Polarity: Ama-molecule e-Polar anokusabalalisa kweshaja okungalingani futhi avame ukuba namaphoyinti aphezulu okuncibilika kunama-molecule angewona ama-polar. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-molecule e-polar abonisa ukukhanga okunamandla kwama-intermolecular, njengokusebenzisana kwe-dipole-dipole kanye ne-hydrogen bonding.

4. Isakhiwo se-Crystal: Ukuhlelwa kwezinhlayiya ku-crystal lattice eqinile kuthinta iphuzu lokuncibilika. Izinto ezinezinhlaka zekristalu ezihleleke kahle futhi ezipakishwe eduze ngokuvamile zinamaphuzu aphezulu ancibilikayo kunalezo ezinezakhiwo ezingahlelekile.

5. Ukucindezela: Kwezinye izimo, indawo yokuncibilika yento ithintwa ukucindezela kwangaphandle. Isibonelo, ukucindezela okwandayo kungakhuphula izinga lokuncibilika lezinto ezithile, ikakhulukazi lezo ezibonisa ukuziphatha okungavamile ezingcindezini eziphezulu.

6. Ukungcola: Ukuba khona kokungcola entweni kwehlisa izinga layo lokuncibilika. Ukungcola kuphazamisa ukwakheka kwe-lattice evamile, okwenza kube lula ukuthi izinto ziguquke zisuka kokuqinile ziye oketshezini.

7. Ukwakheka kwe-Isotope: Ukwakheka kwe-isotopu, ikakhulukazi ukwakheka kwe-isotopic yezakhi, kungathinta indawo yokuncibilika. Ama-Isotopes anenqwaba ye-athomu ehlukene angase abonise amaphuzu okuncibilika ahluke kancane ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwawo okuhlukile kwe-athomu.

Ukuqonda lezi zici kubalulekile ekubikezeleni nasekuchazeni ukuziphatha kokuncibilika kwezinto ezahlukene. Ngokucabangela ukusebenzisana kwalezi zici, ososayensi nonjiniyela bangathola ukuqonda mayelana nezakhiwo ezibonakalayo zezinto zokwakha kanye nendlela eziziphatha ngayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene.