I-China i-molybdenum pin yokunyibilika ephezulu yokunyibilika kwintsimbi yokunyibilika UMvelisi kunye noMboneleli

isikhonkwane semolybdenum esinyibilikayo esikhulu sokunyibilika kwentsimbi

ukunyibilika okuphezulu okwalatha i-molybdenum pin yokunyibilika kwentsimbi Umfanekiso ofakiweyo

Inkcazelo emfutshane:

I-Molybdenum iyaziwa ngeyona ndawo iphakamileyo yokunyibilika, iyenza ibe yinto exabisekileyo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kobushushu obuphezulu, kubandakanywa ukunyibilika kwentsimbi kunye nezinye iinkqubo zoshishino. Iqondo eliphezulu lokunyibilika kweMolybdenum, malunga ne-2,623 degrees celsius (4,753 degrees Fahrenheit), liyivumela ukuba imelane namaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo, oko kuyenza ifanelekele ukusetyenziswa kwindawo apho ezinye izinto zinganyibilika okanye zithobeke.

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Zeziphi izinto ezineendawo eziphezulu zokunyibilika?

Izinto ezininzi zaziwa ngeendawo zazo eziphezulu zokunyibilika, nto leyo ezenza zixabiseke kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zemizi-mveliso, inzululwazi, kunye nosetyenziso lwetekhnoloji. Ezinye izinto ezineendawo zokunyibilika eziphezulu kakhulu ziquka:

1. I-Tungsten: I-Tungsten ineyona ndawo iphakamileyo yokunyibilika kuzo zonke iintsimbi, malunga ne-3,422 degrees Celsius (6,192 degrees Fahrenheit). Le ndawo ikhethekileyo yokunyibilika yenza i-tungsten ixabiseke kakhulu kwizicelo zobushushu obuphezulu njengeshishini le-aerospace, unxibelelwano lombane kunye neziko lobushushu obuphezulu.

2. I-Rhenium: I-Rhenium inendawo yesithathu ephezulu yokunyibilika kuzo zonke iielementi, malunga ne-3,180 degrees Celsius (5,756 degrees Fahrenheit). Iqondo eliphezulu lokunyibilika kweRhenium kunye nokuchasana nokunxiba kunye nokudleka kuvumela ukuba isetyenziswe kwizicelo zobushushu obuphezulu, kubandakanywa ii-superalloys ze-aerospace kunye neenjini ze-injini ye-injini ye-injini yegesi.

3. I-Osmium: I-Osmium ineqondo lokunyibilika elimalunga ne-3,033 degrees celsius (5,491 degrees Fahrenheit), nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yenye yezinto ezinendawo yokunyibilika ephezulu kakhulu. I-Osmium isetyenziswa kwiialloyi ezithile zobushushu obuphezulu kunye nakwizicelo ezikhethekileyo ezifuna ubulukhuni obuphezulu ngokugqithisileyo kunye nokumelana nomhlwa.

4. ITantalum: ITantalum ineqondo eliphezulu lokunyibilika elimalunga ne-3,020 degrees Celsius (5,468 degrees Fahrenheit). Indawo ephezulu yokunyibilika kweTantalum kunye nokumelana nokugqwesa okugqwesileyo kuyenza ixabiseke kwisixhobo sokulungisa imichiza, izixhobo zobushushu obuphezulu, kunye nezinto ze-elektroniki.

5. IMolybdenum: IMolybdenum ineqondo eliphezulu lokunyibilika, malunga ne-2,623 degrees Celsius (4,753 degrees Fahrenheit). Iqondo eliphezulu lokunyibilika kwe-Molybdenum kunye ne-thermal conductivity egqwesileyo kunye namandla kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu kwenza ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo zokushisa okuphezulu, kubandakanywa ne-aerospace, ukukhusela kunye neenkqubo zoshishino.

Ezi zinto zixabiswa ngeendawo zazo eziphezulu zokunyibilika, ezivumela ukuba zigcine ingqibelelo yesakhiwo kunye nokusebenza kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu. Iimpawu zabo ezizodwa zibenza babaluleke kakhulu kwizicelo apho izinto eziphathekayo ziphantsi kobushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo lwe-thermal.

Zeziphi izinto ezichaphazela iqondo lokunyibilika?

Iqondo lokunyibilika kwezinto lichaphazeleka kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa amandla e-intermolecular, isakhiwo se-molecular, kunye noxinzelelo lwangaphandle. Nazi ezinye izinto eziphambili ezinefuthe kwindawo yokunyibilika kwezinto:

1. Amandla e-Intermolecular: Amandla e-intermolecular force phakathi kwama-molecule anempembelelo enkulu kwindawo yokunyibilika. Izinto ezinamandla anamandla e-intermolecular, ezifana ne-ionic okanye i-covalent bond, ngokubanzi zineendawo eziphezulu zokunyibilika. Ngokomzekelo, iikhompawundi zetsimbi kunye ne-ionic zivame ukuba neendawo eziphezulu zokunyibilika ngenxa yamandla okubambisana kwawo.

2. Ubungakanani bemolekyuli kunye nokuma: Ubungakanani kunye nokumila kwe-molecule kuchaphazela indawo yokunyibilika. Iimolekyuli ezinkulu ezinezakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo ngokubanzi zineendawo eziphezulu zokunyibilika ngenxa yokwanda kwendawo kunye nokusebenzisana okunamandla kwe-intermolecular. Ngokuchaseneyo, iimolekyuli ezincinci, ezingqukuva ngakumbi zinokuba namanqaku asezantsi okunyibilika.

3. I-Polarity: Iimolekyuli ze-polar zinokusasazwa kwentlawulo engalinganiyo kwaye zivame ukuba neendawo eziphezulu zokunyibilika kuneemolekyuli ezingezizo zepolar. Oku kungenxa yokuba iimolekyuli zepolar zibonisa umtsalane owomeleleyo we-intermolecular, njengonxibelelwano lwe-dipole-dipole kunye ne-hydrogen bonding.

4. Ubume be-Crystal: Ukulungelelaniswa kwamaqhekeza kwi-crystal lattice eqinile kuchaphazela indawo yokunyibilika. Izinto ezineekristale ezicwangcisiweyo kunye nezipakishwe ngokusondeleyo ngokubanzi zineendawo eziphezulu zokunyibilika kunezo zinezakhiwo ezingacwangciswanga kangako.

5. Uxinzelelo: Kwezinye iimeko, indawo yokunyibilika kwezinto ichaphazeleka kuxinzelelo lwangaphandle. Umzekelo, ukunyuka koxinzelelo kunokunyusa indawo yokunyibilika kwezinto ezithile, ngakumbi ezo zibonisa ukuziphatha okungaqhelekanga kuxinzelelo oluphezulu.

6. Ubumdaka: Ubukho bokungcola kwinto kwehlisa iqondo lokunyibilika kwayo. Ukungcola kuphazamisa isakhiwo se-lattice esiqhelekileyo, okwenza kube lula ukuba izinto zitshintshe ukusuka kwisigxina ukuya kulwelo.

7. Ukubunjwa kwe-Isotope: Ukuqulunqwa kwe-Isotope, ngokukodwa ukubunjwa kwezinto ze-isotopic, kunokuchaphazela indawo yokunyibilika. Ii-Isotopu ezinobunzima beathom obahlukeneyo zinokubonisa iindawo zokunyibilika ezingafaniyo ngenxa yonxibelelwano lwazo olwahlukileyo lweathom.

Ukuqonda le miba kubalulekile ekuqikeleleni nasekucaciseni indlela yokunyibilika kwezinto ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuqwalasela ukusebenzisana kwezi zinto, izazinzulu kunye neenjineli zinokufumana ukuqonda kwiimpawu ezibonakalayo zezixhobo kunye nendlela eziziphatha ngayo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo.