Inombolo ye-athomu	41
Inombolo ye-CAS	7440-03-1
Isisindo se-athomu	92.91
Iphoyinti lokuncibilika	2 468 °C
Iphuzu elibilayo	4 900 °C
Ivolumu ye-athomu	0.0180 nm3
Ukuminyana ku-20 °C	8.55g/cm³
Isakhiwo sekristalu	cubic egxile emzimbeni
I-lattice engaguquki	0.3294 [nm]
Ukuchichima koqweqwe lomhlaba	20.0 [g/t]
Isivinini somsindo	3480 m/s (ku-rt)(induku ezacile)
Ukunwetshwa kwe-thermal	7.3 µm/(m·K) (ku-25 °C)
I-Thermal conductivity	53.7W/(m·K)
Ukumelana nogesi	152 nΩ·m (ku-20 °C)
Mohs ubulukhuni	6.0
Vickers ubulukhuni	870-1320Mpa
Ukuqina kweBrinell	1735-2450Mpa

I-Niobium, eyayaziwa ngokuthi i-columbium, iyikhemikhali enophawu Nb (owayekade eyi-Cb) kanye nenombolo ye-athomu engu-41. Iyinsimbi ethambile, empunga, ecwebezelayo, eguquguqukayo, evame ukutholakala kumaminerali i-pyrochlore ne-columbite, yingakho igama langaphambili " Columbium". Igama layo livela ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki, ikakhulukazi uNiobe, owayeyindodakazi kaTantalus, igama le-tantalum. Igama libonisa ukufana okukhulu phakathi kwalezi zakhi ezimbili emazingeni azo angokwenyama namakhemikhali, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlukanisa.

Usokhemisi oyiNgisi uCharles Hatchett wabika into entsha efana ne-tantalum ngo-1801 futhi wayiqamba ngokuthi i-columbium. Ngo-1809, usokhemisi waseNgilandi uWilliam Hyde Wollaston waphetha ngokungalungile ngokuthi i-tantalum ne-columbium ziyafana. Usokhemisi waseJalimane uHeinrich Rose wanquma ngo-1846 ukuthi i-tantalum ores iqukethe isici sesibili, asiqamba ngokuthi i-niobium. Ngo-1864 no-1865, uchungechunge lwemiphumela yesayensi lwacacisa ukuthi i-niobium ne-columbium kwakuyisici esifanayo (njengoba behlukaniswa ne-tantalum), futhi ikhulu leminyaka womabili amagama asetshenziswa ngokushintshana. I-Niobium yamukelwa ngokusemthethweni njengegama le-elementi ngo-1949, kodwa igama elithi columbium lisasetshenziswa okwamanje kwezensimbi e-United States.

Kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 lapho i-niobium yaqala ukusetshenziswa khona kwezohwebo. IBrazil ingumkhiqizi ohamba phambili we-niobium ne-ferronobium, ingxubevange engu-60-70% ye-niobium enensimbi. I-Niobium isetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-alloys, ingxenye enkulu yensimbi ekhethekile njengaleyo esetshenziswa kumapayipi egesi. Nakuba lawa ma-alloys aqukethe inani eliphakeme lika-0.1%, iphesenti elincane le-niobium lithuthukisa amandla ensimbi. Ukuzinza kwezinga lokushisa kwama-superalloys aqukethe i-niobium kubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwawo ezinjinini zejethi nezamarokhethi.

I-Niobium isetshenziswa ezintweni ezihlukahlukene ze-superconducting. Lawa ma-alloys amakhulu, nawo aqukethe i-titanium ne-tin, asetshenziswa kakhulu kozibuthe abakhulu bezithwebuli ze-MRI. Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-niobium zifaka ukushisela, izimboni zenuzi, i-electronics, optics, numismatics, nobucwebe. Kuzicelo ezimbili zokugcina, ubuthi obuphansi kanye ne-iridescence ekhiqizwa i-anodization yizinto ezifiseleka kakhulu. I-Niobium ithathwa njengento ebaluleke kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe.

Izici zomzimba

I-Niobium iyinsimbi ecwebezelayo, empunga, edonsayo, ene-paramagnetic eqoqweni lesi-5 letafula lezikhathi (bheka ithebula), enokucushwa kwe-electron kumagobolondo angaphandle atypical eqembu lesi-5. (Lokhu kungabonwa endaweni ye-ruthenium (44), i-rhodium (45), ne-palladium (46).

Nakuba kucatshangwa ukuthi inesakhiwo sekristalu eyi-cubic egxile emzimbeni ukusuka kuqanda ukuya endaweni yayo yokuncibilika, izilinganiso zokulungiswa okuphezulu kokunwetshwa okushisayo okuhambisana nezimbazo ezintathu zekristalu zembula ama-anisotropies angahambisani nesakhiwo se-cubic.[28] Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo olwengeziwe nokutholakala kule ndawo kulindeleke.

I-Niobium iba yi-superconductor emazingeni okushisa e-cryogenic. Engcindezini yomoya, inezinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu elibucayi lama-elemental superconductors ku-9.2 K. I-Niobium inokujula kokungena kazibuthe okukhulu kakhulu kwanoma iyiphi i-elementi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingenye yezinto ezintathu eziyinhloko zohlobo lwe-II superconductors, kanye ne-vanadium ne-technetium. Izakhiwo ze-superconductive zincike kakhulu ekuhlanzekeni kwensimbi ye-niobium.

Uma ihlanzekile kakhulu, ithambile ngokuqhathaniswa futhi i-ductile, kodwa ukungcola kwenza kube nzima.

Insimbi ine-cross-section yokubamba okuphansi kwama-neutron ashisayo; ngaleyo ndlela isetshenziswa ezimbonini zenuzi lapho izakhiwo ze-neutron ezibonisa ngale zifunwa.

Izici zamakhemikhali

Insimbi iba nombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lapho ibekwe emoyeni ekamelweni lokushisa isikhathi eside. Naphezu kwendawo ephezulu yokuncibilika kufomu lokuqala (2,468 °C), inomthamo ophansi kunezinye izinsimbi eziphikisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayikwazi ukumelana nokugqwala, ikhombisa izakhiwo ze-superconductivity, futhi yakha izendlalelo ze-dielectric oxide.

I-Niobium i-electropositive kancane futhi ihlangene kakhulu kuneyandulelayo kuthebula le-periodic, i-zirconium, kuyilapho icishe ifane ngosayizi nama-athomu e-tantalum asindayo, ngenxa yokufinyela kwe-lanthanide. Ngenxa yalokho, izakhiwo zamakhemikhali e-niobium zifana kakhulu nalezo ze-tantalum, ezivela ngokuqondile ngaphansi kwe-niobium kuthebula le-periodic. Nakuba ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo kungavelele njengalokho kwe-tantalum, intengo ephansi nokutholakala okukhulu kwenza i-niobium ithandeke ekusetshenzisweni okungadingeki kangako, njengemigqa ye-vat ezitshalweni zamakhemikhali.