I-Tungsten nama-alloys ayo ingahlanganiswa ngempumelelo nge-gas tungsten-arc welding,
i-gas tungsten-arc braze welding, i-electron beam welding kanye ne-chemical vapor deposition.

Ukushisela kwe-tungsten kanye nenani lama-alloys ayo ahlanganiswe ngamasu e-arc casting, i-powder metallurgy, noma amasu e-chemical-vapor deposition (CVD) kwahlolwa. Izinto eziningi ezisetshenziswayo ngokwezinga elithile bekuyishidi eliwugqinsi elingu-0.060. Izinqubo zokuhlanganisa ezasetshenziswa yilezi (1) igesi ye-tungsten-arc welding, (2) igesi ye-tungsten-arc braze welding, (3) i-electron beam welding kanye (4) nokujoyina nge-CVD.
I-Tungsten yashiselwa ngempumelelo yizo zonke lezi zindlela kodwa ukuzwakala kokushisela kwakuthonywe kakhulu izinhlobo zensimbi eyisisekelo kanye ne-filler (okungukuthi impushana noma imikhiqizo ye-arc-cast). Isibonelo, izinto zokushisela ezintweni ze-arc-cast zazingenawo amandla uma kuqhathaniswa kanti ama-weld emikhiqizweni ye-powder metallurgy ayevame ukuba nezimbotshana, ikakhulukazi eduze komugqa wokuhlanganisa. Okokushisela kwe-gas tungsten-arc (GTA) ku-1/1r, kushidi le-tungsten elingaxutshiwe, ukushisa okuphansi okungenani okungu-150° C (okutholakale ukuthi yizinga lokushisa elishintshashintshayo le-ductileto-brittle lensimbi eyisisekelo) likhiqize ama-welds angenamifantu. Njengezinsimbi eziyisisekelo, ama-tungsten-rhenium alloys ayekwazi ukushisela ngaphandle kokushisa, kodwa i-porosity nayo yayiyinkinga ngemikhiqizo ye-tungsten alloy powder. Ukushisa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kubonakale kungathinti i-weld porosity okwakuwumsebenzi wohlobo lwensimbi eyisisekelo.
I-ductile-to-brittle transition ternperatures (DBIT) ye-gas tungsten-arc welds ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene ze-powder metallurgy tungsten yayingu-325 kuya ku-475° C, uma kuqhathaniswa no-150. C wensimbi eyisisekelo kanye naleyo engu-425° C ye-electron beamweld. i-tungsten ye-arc-cast.
I-Braze welding ye-tungsten enezinsimbi zokugcwalisa ezingafani ngokusobala ayizange ikhiqize izakhiwo ezihlangene ezingcono kunezinye izindlela zokujoyina. Sisebenzise i-Nb, i-Ta, i-W-26% Re, i-Mo ne-Re njengezinsimbi zokugcwalisa kumashisela e-braze. I-Nb ne-Mo zidale ukuqhekeka okukhulu.

Ukujoyina nge-CVD ku-510 kuya ku-560° C

yaqeda konke kodwa inani elincane le-porosity futhi yaqeda nezinkinga ezihambisana namazinga okushisa aphezulu adingekayo ekushiseleni (njengezinhlamvu ezinkulu endaweni yokushisela kanye nezindawo ezithintekayo ukushisa).
Isingeniso
Ama-alloys e-Tungsten kanye ne-tungsten-base acatshangelwa inani lezinto ezithuthukisiwe zenuzi nesikhala okuhlanganisa imishini yokuguqula i-thermionic, izimoto ezingena kabusha, ama-elementi kaphethiloli okushisa okuphezulu nezinye izingxenye ze-reactor. Izinzuzo zalezi zinto ziyinhlanganisela yazo yamazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu ancibilika, amandla amahle emazingeni okushisa aphakeme, ama-conductivity aphezulu okushisa kanye nogesi kanye nokumelana okwanele kokugqwala ezindaweni ezithile. Njengoba i-brittleness ikhawulela ukwakheka kwazo, ukusizakala kwalezi zinto ezingxenyeni zesakhiwo ngaphansi kwezimo eziqinile zesevisi kuncike kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezinqubo zokushisela ukuze kuhlinzekwe amalunga afana nezakhiwo nesisekelo sensimbi. Ngakho-ke, izinhloso zalezi zifundo kwakuwuku (1) ukunquma izakhiwo zemishini yamalunga akhiqizwa ngezindlela ezihlukene zokujoyina ngezinhlobo eziningana ze-tungsten engahlanganisiwe ne-alloyed; (2) ukuhlola imiphumela yokuguqulwa okuhlukahlukene ekwelapheni ukushisa kanye nezindlela zokuhlanganisa; futhi (3) sibonise ukuba nokwenzeka kokwenza izingxenye zokuhlola ezifanele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile.
Izinto zokwakha
I-tungsten engahlanganisiwe m叮 10 m. amashidi awugqinsi ayeyinto ethakazelisa kakhulu. I-tungsten engahlanganisiwe kulolu cwaningo yakhiqizwa i-powder metallurgy, i-arc cast kanye namasu okufakwa kwamakhemikhali-nomhwamuko. Ithebula 1 libonisa amazinga okungcola e-powder metallurgy, CVD kanye nemikhiqizo ye-arc-cast tungsten njengoba yamukelwe. Iningi liwela phakathi kwezinhlanga ezitholakala ku-tungsten

kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi impahla ye-CVD iqukethe ngaphezu kwe-norma] amanani e-fluorine.
Ubukhulu obuhlukahlukene kanye nokuma kwe-tungsten nama-tungsten alloys kwahlanganiswa ukuze kuqhathaniswe. Iningi lazo bekuyimikhiqizo ye-powder metallurgy nakuba ezinye izinto ze-arc-cast nazo zazishiselwe. Ukucushwa okuqondile kwasetshenziswa ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi kungenzeka yini izakhiwo zokwakha kanye nezingxenye. Zonke izinto ezisetshenziswayo zatholwa zisesimweni esibanda ngokuphelele sokusetshenzwa ngaphandle kwe-CVD tungsten, eyatholwa ifakwe njengediphozithi. Ngenxa yokwenyuka kokuqina kwe-tungsten enziwe ikristalu kabusha kanye nezinhlamvu ezinkulu into eshiselwe esimweni sokusetshenzwa ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhula okusanhlamvu endaweni ethintekile. Ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu zezinto ezibonakalayo kanye namanani amancane atholakalayo, siklame amasampula okuhlola asebenzisa inani elincane lezinto ezihambisana nokuthola ulwazi olufunekayo.
Inqubo
Njengoba izinga lokushisa le-ductile-to-brittle transition (DBTT) le-tungsten lingaphezu kwezinga lokushisa legumbi, ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kufanele kusetshenziswe ekuphatheni nasemshinini ukuze kugwenywe ukuqhekeka1. Ukugunda kubangela ukuqhekeka konqenqema futhi sithole ukuthi imishini yokugaya kanye ne-electrodischarge ishiya ukuhlolwa kokushisa phezulu. Ngaphandle uma zisuswa ngokugoqa, le mifantu ingase isakazeke ngesikhathi sokushisela nokusetshenziswa okulandelayo.
I-Tungsten, njengazo zonke izinsimbi eziphikisayo, kufanele ishiselwe endaweni ehlanzekile kakhulu yegesi engasebenzi (inqubo ye-gas tungsten-arc) noma i-vacuum (i-electron beam pro:::ess)2 ukuze kugwenywe ukungcoliswa kokushisela ngama-interstitials. Njengoba i-tungsten inezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuncibilika lazo zonke izinsimbi (3410° C), okokusebenza kokushisela kufanele kukwazi ukumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu.

Ithebula 1

Kusetshenziswe izinqubo ezintathu ezihlukene zokushisela: ukushisela igesi ye-tungsten-arc, i-gas tungsten-arc braze welding kanye ne-electron beam welding. Izimo zokushisela ezidingekayo ukuze i-pcnetration ephelele okungenani ibe namandla okokufaka kwanqunywa kunto ngayinye. Ngaphambi kokushisela, izinto zeshidi zazifakwa ngomshini. izikhala ezibanzi futhi zehliswe nge-ethyl alcohol. Idizayini ehlanganyelwe yayiyi-groove eyisikwele engenawo ukuvulwa kwempande.
I-Gas Tungsten-Arc Welding
Wonke ama-weld we-automatie kanye negesi ye-tungsten-arc eyenziwe nge-ehamher eyayinakekelwa ngaphansi kuka-5 x I noma. i-torr cishe ihora elingu-1 bese igcwaliswa nge-argon ehlanzekile kakhulu. Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. lA, igumbi lalifakwe umshini wokuwela kanye nekhanda lethoshi lokushisela okuzenzakalelayo. I-workpiece yayibanjwe endaweni yethusi ehlinzekwa ngokufaka i-tungsten kuzo zonke izindawo zokuthintana ukuze ivimbele ukuthi ingagxili emsebenzini ngesigqi sokushisela. Isisekelo salesi sakhiwo sasinama-heaters kagesi e-cartridge ashisa kuqala umsebenzi ezingeni lokushisa elifunayo, Umdwebo 1 B. Wonke ama-welds enziwe ngesivinini sohambo esisuka ku-10 ipm, i-eurrent engaba ngu-350 amp kanye ne-voltage engu-10 kuya ku-15 v. .
I-Gas Tungsten-A『c Braze Welding
I-gas tungsten-ayi-braze welds yenziwe e-ember enomoya ongasebenzi ngamasu afanayo

labo abachazwe ngenhla. Izinsimbi ze-bead-onplate braze ezenziwe nge-tungsten kanye ne-W—26% Re filler metal zenziwe ngesandla; kodwa-ke, ama-weld we-butt braze ashiselwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngemva kokuba insimbi yokugcwalisa ifakwe ekuhlanganyeleni kwezinqe.
Electron Beam Welding
Ukushisela kwe-eleetron beam kwenziwa emshinini we-150-kV 20-mA. Ivacuum engaba ngu-5 x I o-6 torr iye yagcinwa ngesikhathi sokushisela. Ukushisela kwe-electron beam kubangela isilinganiso esiphezulu kakhulu sokushona nobubanzi kanye nendawo encane ethinteke ekushiseni.
』ukudla nge-Chemical Vapor Disposition
Amalunga e-Tungsten enziwa ngokufaka insimbi yokugcwalisa i-tungsten engaxutshiwe ngenqubo yokubeka umhwamuko wamakhemikhali3. I-Tungsten yafakwa ngokuncishiswa kwe-hydrogen ye-tungsten hexafluoride ngokusho kwe-reaction-t
ukushisa
Ama-WF(g) + 3H,(g)一–+W(s) + 6HF(g).
Ukusetshenziswa kwale ndlela yokujoyina kudinga izinguquko ezincane kuphela kuzinto ezilungiswayo kanye nokusabalalisa kokugeleza okusabelayo. Inzuzo eyinhloko yale nqubo ngaphezu kwezindlela ezivamile zokujoyina ukuthi, njengoba amazinga okushisa aphansi (510 kuya ku-650 ° C) aphansi kakhulu kunendawo yokuncibilika.

i-tungsten (3410 ° C), ukwenziwa kabusha kwekristalu kanye nokufinyela okuqhubekayo kwe-cmbrittlement yesisekelo se-tungsten eyenziwe ngokungcola noma ukukhula okusanhlamvu kuyancishiswa.
Imiklamo eminingana ehlangene ehlanganisa ukuvalwa kwe-butt kanye ne-tube-end yenziwa. I-deposition yenziwa ngosizo lwe-mandrel yethusi eyayisetshenziswa njengendawo yokuhlanganisa, isiqephu sokuqondisa kanye ne-substrate. Ngemva kokufakwa kuqediwe, i-mandrel ye-eopper yasuswa ngokuchofoza. Njengoba omunye umsebenzi” ubonise ukuthi i-CVD tungsten inezingcindezi eziyinsalela eziyinkimbinkimbi njengoba idiphozithiwe, lawa malungu ayeyi-stress relicvcd I hr ku-1000 ° kuya ku-1600 ° C ngaphambi komshini noma ukuhlolwa.
Ukuhlola Nokuhlola
Amalunga ahlolwe ngokubonakalayo nangokungena okuwuketshezi kanye ne-radiography ngaphambi kokuthi ahlolwe. Ama-welds ajwayelekile ahlaziywa ngamakhemikhali ukuze athole umoya-mpilo ne-nitrogen (Ithebula 2) futhi ukuhlolwa okubanzi kwe-metallographic kwenziwa kulo lonke ucwaningo.
Ngenxa yobulula bako bemvelo nokuvumelana nezifanekiso ezincane, ukuhlolwa kokugoba kusetshenziswe njengendlela yokunquma eyinhloko yobuqotho obuhlangene kanye nokuqhathaniswa kwezinqubo. Amazinga okushisa e-Ductile-tobrittle anqunywa ngemishini yokugoba enamaphuzu amathathu yamalunga kokubili as-welded nangemva kokuguga. Isifanekiso esiyisisekelo sokuhlolwa kokugoba kwakuyi-longitudinal

ukugoba kobuso, 24t ubude no-12t ububanzi, lapho u-t kuwugqinsi lwesifanekiso. Izifanekiso zisekelwe ku-15t span futhi zagotshwa nge-plunger yerediyasi engu-4t ngenani elingu-0.5 ipm. Le geometry ijwayele ukwenza idatha etholwe ekugqineni okuhlukahlukene kwezinto. Ama-specimens ayevame ukugoba ngokuguquguquka kumthungo we-weld (isibonelo se-longitudinal bend) ukuhlinzeka ngokuguqulwa okufanayo kwe-weld, indawo ethintekile ukushisa kanye nesisekelo sensimbi; nokho, ama-specimens ambalwa ayegotshwe eduze kwe-weld seam (isibonelo sokugoba okuphambene) ukuze kuqhathaniswe. Ukugoba kobuso kwasetshenziswa ezingxenyeni zokuqala zophenyo; nokho, ngenxa yenotshi elincane elitholakala ezindleleni zokushisela okuningi ngenxa yesisindo sensimbi encibilikisiwe, ukugoba kwezimpande kwathathelwa indawo ekuhlolweni kwakamuva. Izincomo ze-Materials Advisory Board6 eziphathelene nokuhlolwa kokugoba kwamasampula eshidi zalandelwa eduze ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe okulinganiselwe, ama-specimens amancane alulekwayo akhethiwe.
Ukunquma izinga lokushisa lokushintsha kokugoba, izinto ezigobayo zazivalwe esithandweni esikwazi ukuphakamisa ngokushesha izinga lokushisa libe ngu-500 ° C. Ukugoba okungama-90 kuya ku-105 deg kwakubhekelwe ukugoba okugcwele. I-DBTT yachazwa njengezinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu lapho i-speeimen igoba ngokugcwele ngaphandle kokugwaza. Nakuba izivivinyo zenziwa emoyeni, ukuguquguquka kombala kwezibonelo akuzange kubonakale kwaze kwaba yilapho izinga lokushisa lokuhlola lifinyelela ku-400 ° C.

Umfanekiso 1

Imiphumela ye-Unalloyed Tungsten
Ukushisela Okujwayelekile
I-Gas Turzgstea-Arc Welding—In gas tungsten-arc welding of 1乍in. ishidi eliwugqinsi elingahlanganisiwe, umsebenzi kufanele ushiswe kakhulu ukuze uvimbele ukwehluleka okuqinile ngaphansi kwengcindezi ebangelwa ukushaqeka okushisayo. Umfanekiso wesi-2 ubonisa ukuphuka okujwayelekile okukhiqizwa ngokushisela ngaphandle kokushisisa kwangaphambilini okufanele. Usayizi omkhulu wokusanhlamvu kanye nokuma kwendawo yokushisela kanye nendawo ethintekile kubonakala ekuqhekekeni. Uphenyo lwamazinga okushisa angaphambi kokushisa ukusuka kumazinga okushisa asekamelweni kuya ku-540°C lubonise ukuthi ukushisa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kufinyelele okungenani ku-150°C kwakudingeka ukuze kukhiqizwe izinto ezishisela izinqe ezine-pass eyodwa ezazingenamifantu. Lokhu kushisa kuhambisana ne-DBTI yensimbi eyisisekelo. Ukushisa kuqala emazingeni okushisa aphakeme akubonakalanga kudingekile kulezi zivivinyo kodwa okokusebenza okune-DBTI ephakeme, noma ukulungiselelwa okuhilela ukugxilisa okukhulu kwengcindezi noma izingxenye ezinkulu kakhulu, kungase kudinge ukushisisa kwangaphambili kumatheminali aphezulu.
Izinga le-weldment lincike kakhulu ezinkambisweni ezisetshenziswa ekwenzeni izinsimbi eziyisisekelo. Ukushisela okuzenzakalelayo ku-arc-cast tungsten empeleni akunayo i-porosity, Fig.
3A, kodwa ama-welds ku-powder metallurgy tungsten abonakala nge-gross porosity, Umfanekiso wesi-3 (b), ikakhulukazi eduze komugqa wokuhlanganisa. Inani lale porosity, Fig. 3B, ikakhulukazi eduze kwe-3C, kuma-welds enziwe kumkhiqizo wobunikazi, ophansi we-porosity (GE-15 okhiqizwe nguGeneral Electric Co., Cleveland).
Amashisela e-tungsten-arc egesi ku-CVD tungsten anezindawo ezithinteke kakhulu ekushiseni ngenxa yesakhiwo sokusanhlamvu esingu-0£the base metaF. Umfanekiso wesi-4 ubonisa ubuso nengxenye ehambisanayo yesiphambano esinjalo se-tungsten-arc butt weld. Qaphela ukuthi izinhlamvu ezinhle endaweni ye-substrate zikhulile ngenxa yokushisa kwe-welding. Okunye okusobala ukuntuleka kokukhula kwekholomu enkulu

okusanhlamvu. Izinhlamvu zekholomu zinegesi
ama-bubb_les emingceleni yokusanhlamvu okubangelwa ukungcola kwe-fluorme8. Ngakho-ke, uma
i-fine grain substrate surface isuswa ngaphambi kokushisela, i-weldment ayinayo indawo ethinteke ukushisa etholakala nge-metallographically. Kunjalo, ezintweni ezisetshenziswayo ze-CVD (ezifana neshubhu elikhishiwe noma elidonswe) indawo ethinteke ukushisa ye-weld inokwakheka okusanhlamvu okujwayelekile okuphinde kwakhiqizwe kabusha.
Imifantu itholwe emingceleni yokusanhlamvu yekholomu ku-RAZ yama-welds amaningana ku-CVD tungsten. Lokhu kuqhekeka, okuboniswe ku-Fig. 5, kubangelwa ukwakheka okusheshayo nokukhula kwamabhamuza emingceleni yokusanhlamvu emazingeni okushisa aphezulu9. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ahilelekile ekushiseleni, ama-bubbles akwazi ukudla ingxenye enkulu yomngcele wokusanhlamvu; lokhu, kuhlangene nokucindezeleka okukhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokupholisa, kwadonsa imingcele yokusanhlamvu ukuze kwakhiwe umfantu. Ucwaningo lokwakheka kwamabhamuza ku-tungsten nezinye izinsimbi ezifakwa ensimbi phakathi nokwelashwa kokushisa lubonisa ukuthi amabhamuza avela ezinsimbi ezifakwe ngaphansi kuka-0.3 Tm (izinga lokushisa elincibilikayo eliyi-homologous). Lokhu kuqaphela kuphakamisa ukuthi amabhamuza egesi akheka ngokuhlangana kwezikhala ezivalelekile kanye namagesi ngesikhathi sokudonsa. Endabeni ye-CVD tungsten, igesi cishe iyi-fluorine noma i-fluoride compound
I-Electron Beam Welding—I-tungsten engaxutshiwe kwakuyi-electron beam eshiselwe futhi ngaphandle kokushisisa ngaphambili. Isidingo sokushisisa sahluka ngokwesibonelo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-weld ayinamifantu, ukushisa kuqala okungenani ku-DBTT yensimbi eyisisekelo kuyanconywa. Ama-electron beam welds emikhiqizweni ye-powder metallurgy nawo ane-weld porosity okukhulunywe ngayo ngaphambili.

I-Gas Tungsten-Arc Braze Welding一 Emzamweni wokuthola ukuthi ukushisela i-braze kungasetshenziswa ukuze kuzuze, sazama inqubo ye-tungstenarc yegesi yokwenza ama-braze weld eshidini le-tungsten le-powder metallurgy. i-butt ngaphambi kokushisela. Ama-weld we-Braze akhiqizwa nge-Nb engahlanganisiwe, i-Ta, i-Mo, i-Re, ne-W-26% Re njengezinsimbi zokugcwalisa. Njengoba bekulindelekile, bekune-porosity emgqeni wokuhlanganisa ezigabeni ze-metallographic zawo wonke amalunga (Fig. 6) njengoba izinsimbi eziyisisekelo kwakuyimikhiqizo ye-powder metallurgy. Ama-welds enziwe nge-niobium ne-molybdenum filler metal aqhephukile.
Ukuqina kokushisela nokushisela kwe-braze kuqhathaniswe ngocwaningo lokushiselwa kobuhlalu-epuletini okwenziwe nge-tungsten engaxutshiwe kanye ne-W 126% Re njengezinsimbi zokugcwalisa. Amashisela e-tungstenarc egesi kanye nama-braze weld enziwe ngesandla emikhiqizweni ye-tungsten powder metallurgy engahlanganisiwe (ibanga eliphansi le-porosity, i-proprietary (GE-15) kanye nebanga elijwayelekile lezohwebo). Ama-welds nama-braze welds kumpahla ngayinye ayeneminyaka engu-900, 1200, 1600 kanye no-2000 ° C ngamahora angu-l, 10, 100 kanye ne-1000. Izibonelo zahlolisiswa ngokwemetallographically, futhi ukuphambana kokuqina kwathathwa kuyo yonke indawo yokushisela, indawo ethintekile, kanye nensimbi eyisisekelo kokubili okushiselwe futhi ngemva kokwelashwa kokushisa.

Ithebula 2

Umfanekiso2

Njengoba izinto ezisetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo kwakuyimikhiqizo ye-powder metallurgy, amanani ahlukahlukene we-porosity ayekhona kuma-weld weld kanye ne-braze weld deposits. Futhi, amalunga enziwe nge-powder metallurgy tungsten base metal abene-porosity eyengeziwe kunalawo enziwe nge-porosity ephansi, i-tungsten yobunikazi. Amashisela ensimbi enziwe nge-W—26% Re filler metal ayene-porosity encane kunamashisela enziwe ngensimbi yokugcwalisa ye-tungsten engahlanganisiwe.
Awukho umthelela wesikhathi noma izinga lokushisa obonakale ebukhuni bamashisela enziwe nge-tungsten engafakwanga njengensimbi yokugcwalisa. Njengoba ishiselwe, izilinganiso zobulukhuni be-weld nezinsimbi eziyisisekelo zazihlala njalo futhi azizange zishintshe ngemva kokuguga. Kodwa-ke, ama-weld we-braze enziwe nge-W-26% Re filler metal ayenzima kakhulu njengoba akhiqizwa kunesisekelo sensimbi (Fig. 7). Mhlawumbe ubulukhuni obuphakeme bediphozi ye-weld ye-W-Re br立e babangelwa ukuqina kwesixazululo esiqinile kanye/noma ukuba khona kwesigaba esisatshalaliswe kahle esakhiweni esiqinile. Umdwebo wesigaba se-tungstenrhenium11 ubonisa ukuthi izindawo zasendaweni zokuqukethwe kwe-rhenium ephezulu zingenzeka ngesikhathi sokupholisa okusheshayo futhi ziphumele ekwakhekeni kwesigaba esiqinile, esihlakazekayo esakhiweni esihlukaniswe kakhulu. Kungenzeka ukuthi isigaba sika-er sahlakazeka kahle kuzinhlamvu noma emingceleni yokusanhlamvu, nakuba singekho esasisikhulu ngokwanele ukuba sibonakale ngokuhlolwa kwe-metallographic noma i-X-ray diffraction.
Ukuqina kuhlelwe njengomsebenzi webanga ukusuka kulayini ophakathi nendawo we-braze-weld wamazinga okushisa ahlukene okuguga ku-Fig. 7A. Qaphela ushintsho olusheshayo

ebulukhuni kulayini wokuhlanganisa. Ngokukhula kwezinga lokushisa lokuguga, ubulukhuni be-braze weld behla kwaze kwaba yilapho, ngemva kwamahora angu-100 ku-J 600° C, ubulukhuni bufana nobensimbi yesisekelo se-tungsten engahlanganisiwe. Lo mkhuba wokunciphisa ubulukhuni nezinga lokushisa elikhuphukayo lihlala liyiqiniso kuzo zonke izikhathi zokuguga. Ukwenyuka kwesikhathi ekushiseni okungaguquguquki nakho kubangele ukuncipha kwe-simiJar kokuqina, njengoba kuboniswa izinga lokushisa lokuguga elingu-1200° C ku-Fig. 7B.
Ukujoyina i-Chemical Vapor Deposition—Ukujoyina i-tungsten ngamasu e-CVD kwaphenywa njengendlela yokukhiqiza amashisela emiklamweni ehlukahlukene yesifanekiso. Ngokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezifanele kanye nemaski ukuze kukhawulwe ukubekelwa indawo ezindaweni ezifunwayo, amashidi e-CVD kanye ne-powder metallurgy tungsten ahlanganiswa futhi kwavalwa ukuphela kwamashubhu. Ukubekwa ku-bevel ene-engeli efakiwe engaba ngu-90 deg ekhiqizwe ukuqhekeka, Umdwebo 8A, ezimpambanweni zezinhlamvu zekholomu ezikhula zisuka kobunye ubuso be-bevel kanye ne-substrate (eyaqoshwa kude). Kodwa-ke, amajoyinti obuqotho obuphezulu ngaphandle kokuqhekeka noma ukunqwabelana kokungcola okubizayo atholwe, uMfanekiso 8B, lapho ukumiswa okuhlanganyelwe kushintshwa ngokugaya ubuso besisekelo sensimbi kuya kurediyasi ye-飞in. i-tangent empandeni ye-weld. Ukuze kuboniswe ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kwale nqubo ekwenzeni izakhi zikaphethiloli, ukuvalwa okumbalwa kokuphela kwenziwa ngamashubhu e-tungsten. Lawa majoyinti abeqinile ukuvuza lapho ehlolwa nge-helium mass spectrorr:eter leak detector.

Umfanekiso 3

Umfanekiso 4

Umfanekiso 5

Izakhiwo Zemishini
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Bend of Fusion Welds一I-Ductile-to-brittle transition curves yanqunywa kumalunga ahlukahlukene ku-tungsten engahlanganisiwe. Amajika ku-Fig. 9 abonisa ukuthi i-DBTT yezinsimbi ezimbili ze-powder metallurgy base icishe ibe ngu-I 50 ° C. Ngokuvamile, i-DBTT (izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu lapho i-90 kuya ku-105 deg bend ingenziwa) yazo zombili izinto ezisetshenziswayo zanda kakhulu ngemva kokushisela. . Amazinga okushisa ashintshayo anyuke cishe ngo-175° C kuya kunani lika-325° C ku-powder metallurgy tungsten futhi anda cishe ngo-235° C kuya enanini elingu-385° C ukuze uthole i-porosity ephansi, impahla yobunikazi. Umehluko kuma-DBTT wezinto ezishiselwe nezingahlanganisiwe kuthiwa ubangelwa usayizi omkhulu wokusanhlamvu kanye nokwabiwa kabusha okungenzeka kokungcola kwama-welds kanye nezindawo ezithintekile ukushisa. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa ikhombisa ukuthi i-DBTT yamashiseli we-tungsten oyimpushana ayimpushana yayiphansi kunaleyo yezinto eziphathelene nobunikazi, nakuba lena yayine-porosity encane. I-DBTT ephakeme ye-weld ku-low porosity tungsten kungenzeka ukuthi idalwe usayizi wayo wokusanhlamvu othe ukukhudlwana, Umdwebo 3A no-3C.
Imiphumela yophenyo yokunquma ama-DBTT enani lamalunga e-tungsten engahlanganisiwe ifinyezwa kuThebula 3. Ukuhlolwa kokugoba kwakuzwela kakhulu ezinguqukweni zenqubo yokuhlola. Ukugoba kwezimpande kubonakale kuyi-ductile kakhulu kunokugoba kobuso. Ukukhululeka kwengcindezi okukhethwe kahle ngemuva kokushisela kubonakale kwehlisa i-DBTT kakhulu. I-CVD tungsten, njengoba ishiselwe, yayine-DBTT ephakeme kakhulu (560℃); nokho lapho inikezwa ukuphumula kwehora elingu-1 okungu-1000 ℃ ngemva kokushisela, i-DBTT yayo yehla yaya ku-350 ℃. ukukhululeka kwengcindezi okungu-1000° C ngemva kokushisela, i-DBTT yayo yehle yafika ku-350° C. Ukukhululwa ekucindezelekeni kwe-arc welded powder metallurgy tungsten ihora elingu-1 ngo-18000 C kwehlise i-DBTT yale nto cishe ngo-100° C kusukela enanini elinqunywe ngayo njenge- ezishiselwe. Ukukhululeka kokucindezeleka kwehora elingu-1 ku-1000° C ekuhlanganyeleni okwenziwe izindlela ze-CVD kukhiqize i-DBTT ephansi kakhulu (200° C). Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, nakuba le ternperature yenguquko yayiphansi kakhulu kunanoma iliphi elinye izinga lokushisa loshintsho elinqunywe kulolu cwaningo, ukuthuthukiswa kungenzeka kuthonywe izinga eliphansi lokucindezeleka (0.1 vs 0.5 ipm) elisetshenziswe ekuhlolweni kumalunga e-CVD.

I-Bend Test of braze welds-gas tungsten-arc braze welds enziwe nge-Nb. I-Ta, i-Mo, i-Re, ne-W-26% Re njengezinsimbi zokugcwalisa nazo zahlolwa futhi imiphumela ifinyezwa kuthebula lesi-4. i-ductility eminingi yatholakala nge-rhenium braze weld.

Nakuba imiphumela yalolu cwaningo lwekhesa ikhombisa ukuthi i-filler metal engafani ingase ikhiqize amalunga anezakhiwo zobukhenikha ngaphakathi kuya kuma-homogeneous welds ku-tungsten, ezinye zalezi zinsimbi zokugcwalisa zingase zibe usizo ekusebenzeni.

Imiphumela ye-Tungsten Alloys.