Ii-Supercapacitors luhlobo olubizwa ngokufanelekileyo lwesixhobo esinokugcina nokuhambisa amandla ngokukhawuleza kuneebhetri eziqhelekileyo. Bakwimfuno ephezulu yezicelo ezibandakanya iimoto zombane, unxibelelwano olungenazingcingo kunye nelaser ezinamandla amakhulu.

Kodwa ukuqonda ezi zicelo, i-supercapacitors idinga i-electrode engcono, edibanisa i-supercapacitor kwizixhobo ezixhomekeke kumandla abo. Ezi electrode kufuneka zibe zombini ezikhawulezayo kwaye zingabizi kakhulu ukuzenza kwisikali esikhulu kwaye zikwazi ukutshaja nokukhupha umthwalo wazo wombane ngokukhawuleza. Iqela leenjineli kwiDyunivesithi yaseWashington licinga ukuba beze nenkqubo yokwenza izixhobo zombane ze-supercapacitor eziza kuhlangabezana nezi mfuno zingqongqo zemizi-mveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa.

Abaphandi, abakhokelwa nguNjingalwazi oncedisayo we-UW wezinto zesayensi kunye nobunjineli uPeter Pauzauskie, bapapasha iphepha ngoJulayi 17 kwiphepha le-Nature Microsystems kunye neNanoengineering echaza i-electrode yabo ye-supercapacitor kunye nendlela ekhawulezayo, engabizi ngayo. Indlela yabo yenoveli iqala ngezinto ezityebileyo ngekhabhoni ezomisiweyo kwimatrix exineneyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-aerogel. Le airgel ngokwayo inokusebenza njenge-electrode ekrwada, kodwa iqela likaPauzauskie liphindaphindeke ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini kubuchule balo, obu bubuchule balo bokugcina intlawulo yombane.

Ezi zixhobo zokuqalisa ezingabizi, kunye nenkqubo yokudibanisa elungelelanisiweyo, inciphisa imiqobo emibini eqhelekileyo kwisicelo semizi-mveliso: ixabiso kunye nesantya.

“Kwizicelo zamashishini, ixesha yimali,” utshilo uPauzauskie. “Singenza izixhobo zokuqalisa kwezi electrode ngeeyure, kunokuba iiveki. Kwaye oko kunokunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zokwenziwa kwe-electrode ephezulu yokusebenza okuphezulu. ”

Ii-electrodes ezisebenzayo ze-supercapacitor zenziwe ngezinto ezityebileyo zekhabhoni ezinendawo ephezulu. Le mfuno yokugqibela ibalulekile ngenxa yendlela eyodwa ii-supercapacitors ezigcina ngayo intlawulo yombane. Ngelixa ibhetri eqhelekileyo igcina iintlawulo zombane ngokusabela kweekhemikhali ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwayo, i-supercapacitor endaweni yoko igcina kwaye yahlule iintlawulo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga ngqo kumphezulu wayo.

"I-Supercapacitors inokusebenza ngokukhawuleza kuneebhetri ngenxa yokuba ayikhawulelwanga ngesantya sokuphendula okanye i-byproducts enokuthi yenze," watsho umbhali okhokelayo u-Matthew Lim, umfundi ogqirha we-UW kwiSebe lezeNzululwazi kunye nobuNjineli. "Ii-Supercapacitors zinokuhlawulisa kwaye zikhuphe ngokukhawuleza, yiyo loo nto zilungile ekuhambiseni ezi 'pulses' zamandla."

"Banezicelo ezintle kwiindawo apho ibhetri iyodwa icotha kakhulu," watsho omnye umbhali okhokelayo uMatthew Crane, umfundi ogqirha kwiSebe le-UW lobuNjineli beMichiza. "Ngamaxesha apho ibhetri icotha kakhulu ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zamandla, i-supercapacitor ene-electrode yendawo ephezulu 'inokhaba' ngokukhawuleza kwaye yenze ukusilela kwamandla."

Ukufumana indawo ephezulu ye-electrode esebenzayo, iqela lasebenzisa i-aerogels. Ezi zinto zimanzi, ezifana nejeli eziye zadlula kunyango olukhethekileyo lokomisa kunye nokufudumeza ukubuyisela amacandelo azo olwelo ngomoya okanye enye igesi. Ezi ndlela zigcina isakhiwo se-3-D yejeli, inika indawo ephezulu kunye noxinano oluphantsi kakhulu. Kufana nokususa onke amanzi kwi-Jell-O ngaphandle kokuncipha.

“Igram enye ye-airgel inomhlaba omninzi njengebala lebhola elinye,” utshilo uPauzauskie.

I-Crane yenza i-aerogels ukusuka kwi-polymer efana ne-gel, i-material ene-structural units units, eyenziwe kwi-formaldehyde kunye nezinye ii-molecule ezisekelwe kwi-carbon. Oku kwaqinisekisa ukuba isixhobo sabo, njengee-electrode ze-supercapacitor zanamhlanje, ziya kuba nezixhobo ezityebileyo ngekhabhoni.

Ngaphambili, u-Lim ubonise ukuba ukongeza igraphene-eliphepha lekhabhoni i-athomu enye etyebileyo-kwijeli ifake i-airgel eneempawu ze-supercapacitor. Kodwa, i-Lim kunye neCrane zazidinga ukuphucula ukusebenza kwe-aerogel, kunye nokwenza inkqubo yokudibanisa ingabizi kwaye ibe lula.

Kwiimvavanyo zangaphambili zikaLim, ukongeza igraphene akuzange kuphuculwe amandla e-aerogel. Ke endaweni yoko balayisha ii-aerogels ngamashiti amancinci nokuba yi-molybdenum disulfide okanye i-tungsten disulfide. Zombini iikhemikhali zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi namhlanje kwizithambisi zemizi-mveliso.

Abaphandi baphatha zombini izixhobo kunye namaza omsindo aphezulu ukuze bawaphule abe ngamaphepha amancinci kwaye bawafake kwi-carbon-rich matrix yejel. Banokudibanisa ijeli emanzi egcwele ngokupheleleyo ngaphantsi kweeyure ezimbini, ngelixa ezinye iindlela zithatha iintsuku ezininzi.

Emva kokuba befumene i-aerogel eyomileyo nenoxinano oluphantsi, bayidibanisa nezinto ezincamathelayo kunye nenye into enekhabhoni eninzi ukuze benze “intlama” yemizi-mveliso, leyo uLim wayenokuyiqengqelekela nje ibe ngamashiti angamawaka ambalwa ee-intshi ubukhulu. Banqumle iidiski ezinesiqingatha-intshi ukusuka kwintlama kwaye bazihlanganisela kwiibhokisi zebhetri yemali eyingqekembe ukuze bavavanye ukusebenza kakuhle kwezinto njenge-electrode ye-supercapacitor.

Akunjalo nje kuphela ii-electrodes zabo ezikhawulezayo, ezilula kwaye zilula ukudibanisa, kodwa nazo zidlala i-capacitance ubuncinane ipesenti ze-127 ezinkulu kune-airgel ene-carbon-rich kuphela.

U-Lim noCrane balindele ukuba ii-aerogels ezilayishwe kunye namaphepha amancinci e-molybdenum disulfide okanye i-tungsten disulfide-yazo yayimalunga ne-10 ukuya kwi-100 ye-athomu enkulu-ziya kubonisa ukusebenza okungcono. Kodwa okokuqala, bafuna ukubonisa ukuba ii-aerogels ezilayishiweyo ziya kukhawuleza kwaye zingabizi kakhulu ukudibanisa, inyathelo eliyimfuneko kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso. Ukulungiswa kakuhle kuza ngokulandelayo.

Iqela likholelwa ukuba ezi nzame zinokunceda ukuqhubela phambili isayensi nangaphandle kwendawo ye-electrode ye-supercapacitor. Imolybdenum disulfide exhonywe nge-aerogel isenokuhlala izinzile ngokwaneleyo ukuphembelela ukuveliswa kwehydrogen. Kwaye indlela yabo yokubambisa izinto ngokukhawuleza kwii-aerogels zingasetyenziswa kwiibhetri eziphezulu ze-capacitance okanye i-catalysis.