I-fusion reactor yibhotile yemagnethi eneenkqubo ezifanayo ezenzeka elangeni. I-Deuterium kunye ne-tritium amafutha adibanisayo ukwenza umphunga wee-ion ze-helium, i-neutron kunye nobushushu. Njengoko le gesi ishushu, eneayoni—ebizwa ngokuba yi<em>plasma—isitsha, obo bushushu bufuduselwa emanzini ukuze benze umphunga ujike oomatshini bomoya abavelisa umbane. I-plasma eshushu kakhulu ibeka isongelo rhoqo kwindonga ye-reactor kunye ne-divertor (esusa inkunkuma kwi-reactor yokusebenza ukugcina i-plasma ishushu ngokwaneleyo ukutshisa).

“Sizama ukumisela indlela esisiseko yokuziphatha kwezinto ezijongana nesiyilelo-gazi ngenjongo yokuqonda ngcono iindlela zokuwohloka komgangatho ukuze sibe nobunjineli obuqinileyo, obutsha,” satsho isazinzulu sezinto eziphathekayo u-Chad Parish weSebe lezaMandla e-Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Ungumbhali ophezulu wesifundo kwijenaliIiNgxelo zeNzululwaziephonononge ukuthotywa kwe-tungsten phantsi kweemeko ezinxulumene ne-reactor.

Ngenxa yokuba i-tungsten ineyona ndawo iphakamileyo yokunyibilika kuzo zonke iintsimbi, ngumgqatswa wezinto ezijongana neplasma. Ngenxa yobunzima baso, nangona kunjalo, indawo yoshishino yamandla inokuthi yenziwe nge-tungsten alloy okanye i-composite. Nokuba kunjalo, ukufunda malunga nendlela ibhombu yeathom enamandla eyichaphazela ngayo i-tungsten microscopically inceda iinjineli ziphucule izixhobo zenyukliya.

“Ngaphakathi kwisixhobo sombane esidityanisiweyo yeyona njineli ikhohlakeleyo yendalo ekhe yacelwa ukuba iyile izixhobo,” utshilo uParish. “Imbi ngakumbi kune-injini yejethi engaphakathi.”

Abaphandi bafunda ukusebenzisana kweplasma kunye neenxalenye zoomatshini ukwenza izinto ezingaphezulu kokuhambelana neemeko zokusebenza ezinzima ngolo hlobo. Ukuthembeka kwemathiriyeli ngumba ongundoqo kubuchwepheshe bangoku nobutsha benyukliya obunempembelelo ebalulekileyo kulwakhiwo kunye neendleko zokusebenza zemizi-mveliso yamandla. Ke kubalulekile kwizinto zobunjineli zokuqina kubomi obude.

Kuphononongo lwangoku, abaphandi kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eSan Diego, babethe i-tungsten nge-plasma ye-helium kumandla aphantsi okulinganisa i-reactor ye-fusion phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Ngeli xesha, abaphandi e-ORNL basebenzise i-Multicharged Ion Research Facility ukubetha i-tungsten ene-helium ion ene-eneji ephezulu elinganisa iimeko ezinqabileyo, ezinjengokuphazamiseka kweplasma enokubeka isixa esikhulu samandla ngokungaqhelekanga.

Ukusebenzisa i-electron microscopy yothumelo, ukuskena i-electron microscopy, ukuskena i-electron microscopy kunye ne-electron nanocrystallography, izazinzulu zibonakalise ukuvela kwamaqamza kwikristale ye-tungsten kunye nokumila kunye nokukhula kwezakhiwo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-"tendrils" phantsi kweemeko zamandla aphantsi kunye naphezulu. Baye bathumela iisampulu kwifemu ebizwa ngokuba yi-AppFive ye-precession electron diffraction, ubuchule obuphambili be-electron crystallography, ukulinganisa iindlela zokukhula phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo.

Kangangeminyaka embalwa izazinzulu bezisazi ukuba i<em>tungsten isabela kwi<em>plasma ngokwenza i<em>crystalline tendril kumlinganiselo weebhiliyoni zemitha, okanye iinanometers—ingca encinane eluhlobo oluthile. Uphononongo lwangoku lufumanise ukuba iitendril eziveliswe yi-bombardment ene-low-energy yayikhula kancinci, icolekile kwaye igudileyo-isenza ikhaphethi exineneyo yefuzz-kunezo zidalwe luhlaselo lwamandla aphezulu.

Kwisinyithi, iiathom zithatha ulungelelwaniso olucwangcisiweyo olunezithuba ezichaziweyo phakathi kwazo. Ukuba i-athomu isusiwe, indawo engenanto, okanye "isithuba," sihlala. Ukuba i-radiation, njengebhola yebhiliyoni, ibetha i-athomu kwindawo yayo kwaye ishiye isithuba, loo atom kufuneka iye ndaweni ithile. Iziphona phakathi kwezinye iiathom kwikristale, ibe yindawo yokuphumla.

Umsebenzi oqhelekileyo we-fusion-reactor uveza isiphambukisi kumsinga ophezulu weeathom ze-helium ezine-eneji ephantsi kakhulu. “I-ion ye-helium ayibethi ngamandla ngokwaneleyo ukwenza ukungqubana kwebhola yebhiliyoni, ngoko ke kufuneka ichwechwe kwi-lattice ukuze iqalise ukwenza amaqamza okanye ezinye iziphene,” ucacise watsho uParish.

Iithiyori ezinjengoBrian Wirth, uSihlalo weRhuluneli ye-UT-ORNL, baye bamodela le nkqubo kwaye bakholelwa ukuba izinto ezithi zisuswe kwilattice xa amaqamza ebumba iba ziibhloko zokwakha zeetendril. Iiathom ze-Helium zijikeleza i-lattice ngokungakhethiyo, utshilo uParishi. Bangqubeka kwezinye ii-helium kwaye badibanise amandla. Ekugqibeleni iqela likhulu ngokwaneleyo ukunkqonkqoza i-athomu ye-tungsten kwindawo yayo.

Ngalo lonke ixesha iqamza likhula lityhala ezinye iiathom zetungsten ezingaphezulu kwiindawo zazo, kwaye kufuneka ziye ndaweni ithile. Bazakutsaleleka phezulu,” utshilo uParishi. "Sikholelwa ukuba, yindlela ekwenziwa ngayo le nanofuzz."

Izazinzulu zekhomputha ziqhuba ukulinganisa kwii-supercomputers ukufunda imathiriyeli kwinqanaba leathom, okanye ubungakanani benanometer kunye nezikali zexesha le-nanosecond. Iinjineli ziphonononga indlela izinto ezikhubeka ngayo, ziqhekeke, kwaye ngenye indlela eziziphatha ngayo emva kokuvezwa ixesha elide kwiplasma, kubude beesentimitha kunye nezikali zexesha leyure. “Kodwa bekukho inzululwazi encinci phakathi,” utshilo uParish, ovavanyo lwalo lwazalisa lo msantsa wolwazi ukufunda imiqondiso yokuqala yokuthotywa kwezinto kunye nezigaba zokuqala zokukhula kwe-nanotendril.

Ke ngaba i-fuzz ilungile okanye imbi? “I-Fuzz inokuba nazo zombini iipropathi eziyingozi neziluncedo, kodwa de sibe sazi ngakumbi ngayo, asinako ukwenza izixhobo zobunjineli ukuzama ukuphelisa okubi ngelixa sigxininisa okuhle,” utshilo uParish. Kwelinye icala, i-tungsten efuzzy inokuthatha imithwalo yobushushu enokuthi iqhekeze isambuku se-tungsten, kwaye ukhukuliseko lungaphantsi ngokuphindwe ka-10 ngokufunxa kune-tungsten eninzi. Kwicala le-minus, i-nanotendrils inokugqabhuka, yenze uthuli olunokupholisa iplasma. Injongo elandelayo yezazinzulu kukufunda ukuba izinto eziphathekayo zivela njani kwaye kulula kangakanani ukuphula i-nanotendrils kude nomphezulu.

Amaqabane e-ORNL apapashe imifuniselo ye-electron microscopy yakutsha nje ekhanyisa ukuziphatha kwe-tungsten. Olunye uphononongo lubonise ukukhula kwe-tendril khange kuqhubele phambili nakuluphi na uqhelaniso olukhethwayo. Olunye uphando lubonise ukuba impendulo ye-plasma-ejongene ne-tungsten kwi-helium atom flux yavela kwi-nanofuzz ​​kuphela (kwi-flux ephantsi) ukuya kwi-nanofuzz ​​kunye namaqamza (kwi-flux ephezulu).

Isihloko sephepha langoku sithi "I-Morphologies ye-tungsten nanotendrils ekhule phantsi kokuvezwa kwe-helium."