Yintoni kwizinto zakho? Uninzi lwethu alucingi nokucinga ngezinto ezenza ubomi banamhlanje bubekho. Nangona kunjalo ubugcisa obufana neefowuni ze-smart phone, izithuthi zombane, iiTV ezinkulu zesikrini kunye nesizukulwana samandla aluhlaza sixhomekeke kuluhlu lwezinto zekhemikhali abantu abaninzi abangazange beve ngazo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, uninzi lwalugqalwa njengezinto ezifuna ukwazi nje - kodwa ngoku lubalulekile. Ngapha koko, iselfowuni iqulethe ngaphezulu kwesithathu sezinto ezikwitafile yeperiodi.

Njengoko abantu abaninzi befuna ukufikelela kwezi teknoloji, imfuno yezinto ezibalulekileyo iyakhula. Kodwa unikezelo luxhomekeke kuluhlu lweemeko zezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho kunye nezejoloji, ukudala amaxabiso aguquguqukayo kunye neenzuzo ezinkulu ezinokubakho. Oku kwenza utyalo-mali emigodini ezi ntsimbi ibe lishishini eliyingozi. Ngezantsi imizekelo embalwa yezinto esiye sathembela kuzo eziye zabona ukunyuka kwexabiso elibukhali (kunye nokuwa) kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo.

Cobalt

I-Cobalt isetyenziselwe iinkulungwane ukwenza iglasi emangalisayo eluhlaza kunye ne-ceramic glazes. Namhlanje licandelo elibalulekileyo kwii-superalloys zeenjini zejethi zanamhlanje, kunye neebhetri ezisebenzisa iifowuni zethu kunye neemoto zombane. Imfuno yezi zithuthi iye yanda ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, kunye nokubhaliswa kwehlabathi jikelele ngaphezu kokuphindwe kathathu ukusuka kwi-200,000 ngo-2013 ukuya kwi-750,000 ngo-2016. zonyaka mhlawumbi ibonisa ukuba ezinye iimarike zigcwele ngoku.

Ecaleni kwemfuno evela kumashishini emveli, oku kwanceda ukuqhuba amaxabiso e-cobalt ukusuka kwi-£ 15 ngekhilogram ukuya kwi-£ 70 yekhilogram kwiminyaka emithathu edlulileyo. I-Afrika ngokwembali ibingowona mthombo mkhulu weeminerali ze-cobalt kodwa ukunyuka kwemfuno kunye neenkxalabo malunga nokhuseleko lokubonelela kuthetha ukuba imigodi emitsha iyavulwa kweminye imimandla efana ne-US. Kodwa kumzekeliso wokuguquguquka kweemarike, ukunyuka kwemveliso kubangele ukuba amaxabiso ehle nge-30% kwiinyanga ezidlulileyo.

Izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo

“Imihlaba enqabileyo” liqela leeelementi ezili-17. Ngaphandle kwegama labo, ngoku siyazi ukuba azinqabile, kwaye zixhaphake ngokufunyanwa njengemveliso yemigodi yentsimbi, i-titanium okanye i-uranium. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imveliso yabo ilawulwa yi-China, ebonelele ngaphezu kwe-95% yokubonelela ngehlabathi.

Umhlaba onqabileyo usetyenziswa kwizithuthi zombane kunye neeinjini zomoya, apho izinto ezimbini, i-neodymium kunye nepraseodymium, zibaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni iimagnethi ezinamandla kwiimotor zombane kunye neejenereyitha. Iimagnethi ezinjalo zikwafumaneka kuzo zonke izithethi zefowuni kunye neemakrofoni.

Amaxabiso eehlabathi ezinqabileyo ezahlukeneyo ayahluka kwaye atshintshatshintsha kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, ukuqhubela phambili ukukhula kwezithuthi zombane kunye namandla omoya, amaxabiso e-neodymium oxide afika ekupheleni kwe-2017 kwi-£ 93 kilogram, kabini ixabiso eliphakathi kwe-2016, ngaphambi kokubuyela kumanqanaba ajikeleze i-40% ephezulu kune-2016. Ukuguquguquka okunjalo kunye nokungaqiniseki kwe ukubonelela kuthetha ukuba amazwe amaninzi ajonge ukufumana imithombo yawo yomhlaba onqabileyo okanye ukwahlula unikezelo lwawo kude neTshayina.

eGaliyo

IGaliyum yinto engaqhelekanga. Ngendlela yayo yesinyithi, inokunyibilika ngosuku olushushu (ngaphezu kwama-30 ° C). Kodwa xa idityaniswe ne-arsenic ukwenza i-gallium arsenide, yenza i-semiconductor enamandla enesantya esiphezulu esetyenziswa kwi-micro-electronics eyenza ukuba iifowuni zethu zihlakaniphe kakhulu. Nge-nitrogen (i-gallium nitride), isetyenziswa ekukhanyeni kwamandla aphantsi (ii-LED) ezinombala ofanelekileyo (ii-LED ezisetyenziselwa ukuba zibomvu okanye ziluhlaza ngaphambi kwe-gallium nitride). Kwakhona, i-gallium iveliswa kakhulu njengeproduct yezinye izimbiwa zetsimbi, ubukhulu becala kwintsimbi kunye ne-zinc, kodwa ngokungafaniyo nezo zinyithi ixabiso layo liphindwe kabini ukusuka kwi-2016 ukuya kwi-315 ikhilogram ngoMeyi 2018.

Indium

I-Indium yenye yezinto ezinqabileyo zetsimbi emhlabeni kodwa mhlawumbi ujonga ezinye zemihla ngemihla njengoko zonke izikrini ezisicaba kunye nezichukumisayo zixhomekeke kumaleko amancinci e-indium tin oxide. Isiqalelo sifunyanwa ikakhulu njengemveliso yemigodi ye-zinc kwaye ungafumana kuphela igram enye ye-indium kwiitoni ezili-1,000 zentsimbi ekrwada.

Ngaphandle kokunqaba kwayo, iseyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezixhobo zombane kuba okwangoku azikho ezinye iindlela zokwenza izikrini zokuchukumisa. Nangona kunjalo, izazinzulu zinethemba lokuba imo yekhabhoni enemacala amabini eyaziwa ngokuba yigraphene inokubonelela ngesisombululo. Emva kokuntywila okukhulu kwi-2015, ixabiso ngoku linyuke nge-50% kumanqanaba e-2016-17 ukuya malunga ne-£ 350 ngekhilogram, eqhutywa ngokukodwa ngokusetyenziswa kwayo kwizikrini ezicaba.

Tungsten

I-Tungsten yenye yezona zinto zinzima, ziphindwe kabini njengentsimbi. Sasidla ngokuthembela kuyo ekukhanyiseni amakhaya ethu, xa iiglowubhu ze-incandescent zakudala zisebenzisa umcu obhityileyo wetungsten. Kodwa nangona izisombululo zokukhanyisa zamandla aphantsi zinezo zonke kodwa ziphelisiwe ii-tungsten lightbulbs, uninzi lwethu lusasebenzisa i-tungsten yonke imihla. Kunye necobalt kunye neodymium, yeyona nto yenza iifowuni zethu zingcangcazele. Zontathu ezi zinto zisetyenziswa kubunzima obuncinci kodwa bubunzima obujikelezwa yimoto ngaphakathi kweefowuni zethu ukuze zenze ukungcangcazela.

I-Tungsten idityaniswe nekhabhoni iphinda idale i-ceramic enzima kakhulu kwizixhobo zokusika ezisetyenziselwa ukucwangciswa kwezinto zetsimbi kwindawo ye-aerospace, ukukhusela kunye nemizi-mveliso yeemoto. Isetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinganyangekiyo kwi-oyile kunye negesi yokutsalwa, imigodi kunye noomatshini boring itonela. I-Tungsten iphinda ingene ekwenzeni iintsimbi zokusebenza eziphezulu.

Intsimbi ekrwada yeTungsten yenye yezimbiwa ezimbalwa ezisandula ukugrunjwa e-UK, kunye nomgodi okrwada we-tungsten-tin oleleyo kufutshane ne-Plymouth ovulwa kwakhona ngo-2014. Umgodi uye wasokola ngokwasezimalini ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwamaxabiso e-ore yehlabathi. Amaxabiso ehle ukusuka ku-2014 ukuya ku-2016 kodwa ukususela ngoko abuyele kumaxabiso okuqala ka-2014 enika ithemba ngekamva lomgodi.