Ingxubevange entsha ye-tungsten ephuhliswayo kwiQela le-Schuh e-MIT inokuthi ithathe indawo ye-uranium ephelelweyo kwiiprojectiles zokugqobhoza izixhobo. Unyaka wesine wezinto zenzululwazi kunye nomfundi ophumelele isidanga sobunjineli uZachary C. Cordero usebenza kwizinto ezinobutyhefu obuphantsi, amandla aphezulu, ezixinana kakhulu ukuze kufakwe enye indawo yeuranium ephelelweyo kwizicelo zolwakhiwo lwasemkhosini. I-uranium ephelelweyo ibeka ingozi kwimpilo enokubakho kumajoni nakubantu. “Leyo yintshukumisa yokuzama ukuyibuyisela endaweni yayo,” utshilo uCordero.

I-tungsten eqhelekileyo iya kuba yi-mushroom okanye i-blunt kwimpembelelo, eyona ntsebenzo imbi kakhulu. Ngoko ke umceli mngeni kukuphuhlisa ingxubevange enokuthi ihambelane nokusebenza kweuranium ephelelweyo, ekwazi ukuzilola njengoko icheba imathiriyeli kwaye igcine impumlo ebukhali kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo yi-penetrator-target. “ITungsten iyodwa yomelele kwaye inzima. Sifaka ezinye izinto zokudibanisa ukuze siyenze ukuze sikwazi ukuyidibanisa kule nto ininzi, ”utshilo uCordero.

I-alloy ye-tungsten ene-chromium kunye nentsimbi (i-W-7Cr-9Fe) yayinamandla kakhulu kune-alloys ye-tungsten yorhwebo, ingxelo ye-Cordero kwiphepha elinombhali ophezulu kunye nentloko yeSebe lezeNzululwazi kunye nobuNjineli uChristopher A. Schuh kunye noogxa kwijenali yeMetallurgical and Materials Iintengiselwano A. Uphuculo lwaphunyezwa ngokudibanisa umgubo wentsimbi kushicilelo olushushu lwe-sintering oluncediswa entsimini, olunesiphumo esihle, esilinganisiweyo. ngokwakhiwa okucolekileyo okuziinkozo kunye nokuqina okuphezulu, okuphunyezwe ngexesha lokulungisa lomzuzu omnye kwi-1,200 degrees Celsius. Amaxesha amade okusetyenzwa kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu akhokelele kwiinkozo ezirhabaxa kunye nokusebenza okubuthathaka koomatshini. Co-ababhali baquka MIT zobunjineli kunye nezinto umfundi isidanga zesayensi Mansoo Park, Oak Ridge postdoctoral ugxa Emily L. Huskins, Boise State Associate uNjingalwazi Megan Frary kunye umfundi isidanga Steven Livers, kunye Army Research Laboratory mechanical engineer kunye neqela inkokeli Brian E. Schuster. Iimvavanyo ezisezantsi ze-ballistic ze-tungsten-chromium-iron alloy nazo zenziwe.

"Ukuba unokwenza i-nanostructured okanye i-amorphous bulk tungsten (ialloyi), kufanele ukuba ibe yinto efanelekileyo yebhola," utshilo uCordero. UCordero, umthonyama waseBridgewater, NJ, wafumana iNzululwazi yezoKhuselo lweSizwe kunye nobuNjineli (NDSEG) Ubudlelwane kwi-2012 nge-Air Force Office yoPhando lwezeNzululwazi. Uphando lwakhe luxhaswa ngemali yi-Arhente yoNciphiso lwezoKhuselo lwase-US.

Ulwakhiwo lweenkozo olucolekileyo

"Indlela endizenza ngayo izinto zam kukusebenza ngomgubo apho siqala ukwenza i-nanocrystalline powder kwaye emva koko siyidibanise ibe yinto eninzi. Kodwa umceli mngeni kukuba ukudityaniswa kufuna ukuveza izinto kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, utshilo uCordero. Ukufudumeza ama-alloys kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu kunokubangela ukuba iinkozo, okanye i-crystalline domains nganye, ngaphakathi kwesinyithi ukuba ikhulise, eyenza ibe buthathaka. I-Cordero yakwazi ukufezekisa i-ultrafine ye-grain structure malunga ne-nanometers ye-130 kwi-compact W-7Cr-9Fe, eqinisekiswe yi-electron micrographs. “Sisebenzisa le ndlela yokwenziwa komgubo, sinokwenza iisampulu ezinkulu ukuya kuthi ga kwiisentimitha ezi-2 ububanzi, okanye singaya sikhulu, ngamandla aguquguqukayo e-4 GPa (gigapascals). Inyani yokuba sinokwenza ezi mathiriyeli sisebenzisa inkqubo enokuhla inokuba inomtsalane ngakumbi, ”utshilo uCordero.

“Into esizama ukuyenza njengeqela kukwenza izinto ezininzi ngeenanostructures ezintle. Isizathu sokuba sifuna oko kungenxa yokuba ezi zixhobo zineempawu ezinomdla kakhulu ezinokusetyenziswa kwizicelo ezininzi, ”wongeza uCordero.

Ayifumaneki kwindalo

I-Cordero iphinde yahlola amandla e-alloy powders yesinyithi kunye ne-nanoscale microstructures kwiphepha lejenali ye-Acta Materialia. UCordero, kunye nombhali omkhulu uSchuh, basebenzise zombini ukulinganisa kunye novavanyo lwaselabhoratri ukubonisa ukuba ialloys zesinyithi ezifana ne-tungsten kunye nechromium ezinamandla okuqala afanayo zithande ukufana kwaye zivelise imveliso eyomeleleyo, ngelixa indibaniselwano yesinyithi enamandla amakhulu okuqala angafaniyo. njengoko i-tungsten kunye ne-zirconium zithande ukuvelisa i-alloy ebuthathaka kunye nesigaba esingaphezulu kwesinye.

"Inkqubo yokugaya ibhola ephezulu ngomnye umzekelo wosapho olukhulu lweenkqubo apho uguqula i-heck ngaphandle kwemathiriyeli ukuqhuba i-microstructure yayo kwindawo engaqhelekanga engalinganiyo. Akukho sikhokelo silungileyo ngokwenene sokuqikelela i-microstructure ephumayo, ngoko ke amaxesha amaninzi oku kulingo kunye neempazamo. Besizama ukususa i-empiricism ekuyileni i-alloys eya kwenza isisombululo esiqinileyo se-metastable, engumzekelo wesigaba esingalinganiyo, ”ucacisa uCordero.

“Uvelisa ezi zigaba zingalinganiyo, izinto ongenakuqhele ukuzibona kwihlabathi elikungqongileyo, kwindalo, usebenzisa ezi nkqubo zoguquko zigqithisileyo,” utshilo. Inkqubo yokugaya ibhola ephezulu yamandla ibandakanya ukuchetywa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwee powders zetsimbi kunye nokucheba ukuqhubela izinto ze-alloying kwi-intermix ngelixa ukhuphisana, iinkqubo zokubuyisela i-thermal-activated zivumela i-alloy ukuba ibuyele kwisimo sayo sokulingana, kwiimeko ezininzi ukuba ihlukane. . “Ke kukho olu khuphiswano phakathi kwezi nkqubo zimbini,” uyachaza uCordero. Iphepha lakhe licebise imodeli elula yokuqikelela iikhemistri kwi-alloy enikiweyo eya kwenza isisombululo esiluqilima kwaye siyiqinisekise ngemifuniselo. "Ii-powders ezigayiweyo zezinye zezona zinyithi zinzima kakhulu ezibonwe ngabantu," utshilo u-Cordero, ephawula iimvavanyo ezibonisa i-tungsten-chromium alloy inobulukhuni be-nanoindentation be-21 GPa. Oko kubenza babe malunga nokuphindwe kabini ubulukhuni be-nanoindentation be-nanocrystalline iron-based alloys okanye i-tungsten ene-coarse-grained.

I-Metallurgy ifuna ukuguquguquka

Kwi-ultrafine grain tungsten-chromium-iron alloy compacts awayifundayo, i-alloys yachola intsimbi kwi-abrasion ye-steel media media kunye ne-vial ngexesha lokusila ibhola eliphezulu. "Kodwa kuyavela ukuba inokuba yinto entle, kuba ijongeka ngathi iyakhawulezisa ukuxinana kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi, okunciphisa ixesha okufuneka ulichithe kula maqondo obushushu aphezulu anokukhokelela kutshintsho olubi kwi-microstructure," UCordero uyachaza. "Into enkulu kukuguquguquka kunye nokuqaphela amathuba kwi-metallurgy."

I-pellet yentsimbi edityanisiweyo ihlala ecaleni komgubo wentsimbi we-tungsten-chromium egayiweyo kwisikhephe esisetyenziselwa ukuveyisha iintsimbi. Iibhola zentsimbi zisetyenziselwa ukuguqula isinyithi kwi-mill yebhola ephezulu yamandla. Ityala: iDenis Paiste/Iziko loLungiso lweMathiriyeli
U-Cordero uphumelele kwi-MIT ngo-2010 nge-bachelor's in physics kwaye wasebenza unyaka e-Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. Apho, waphefumlelwa ngabasebenzi bobunjineli abafunde kwisizukulwana sangaphambili se-metallurgists ebenze imibhobho ekhethekileyo yokubamba i-plutonium yeProjekthi yeManhattan ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. “Ukuva uhlobo lwezinto abasebenza kuzo kwandenza ndachulumanca kakhulu kwaye ndanomdla wokulungisa isinyithi. Kumnandi kakhulu, ”utshilo uCordero. Kwezinye izixhobo zenzululwazi, uthi, “Awukwazi ukuvula iziko nge-1,000 C, kwaye ubone into ebomvu eshushu. Awunakuziqhelanisa nezinto ezitshisayo.” Ulindele ukugqiba iPhD yakhe ngo-2015.

Nangona umsebenzi wakhe wangoku ugxile kwizicelo zolwakhiwo, uhlobo lomgubo awenzayo lukwasetyenziselwa ukwenza imathiriyeli yemagnethi. Uthi: “Uninzi lolwazi nolwazi lunokusetyenziswa kwezinye izinto. "Nangona le iyinto eqhelekileyo yesinyithi, ungafaka olu didi lwesinyithi lwesikolo esidala kwizinto zesikolo esitsha."