Mukati menguva yemberi yenyukireya fusion simba remagetsi richava pakati penzvimbo dzakaomarara dzakambogadzirwa Panyika. Chii chakasimba zvakakwana kudzivirira mukati meiyo fusion reactor kubva kune plasma-yakagadzirwa kupisa inoyerera yakafanana nezvivharo zvemuchadenga zvinopinda zvakare mumhepo yePasi?

Vatsvakurudzi veORNL vakashandisa tungsten yechisikigo (yero) uye yakapfumisa tungsten (orenji) kutsvaga kukukurwa, kutakura uye kuiswazve kwe tungsten. Tungsten ndiyo inotungamira sarudzo yekushongedza mukati meiyo fusion mudziyo.

Zeke Unterberg nechikwata chake kuDhipatimendi reEnergy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory parizvino vari kushanda neanotungamira mukwikwidzi: tungsten, iyo ine nzvimbo yepamusoro yekunyungudika uye yakaderera mhute yekumanikidza kwesimbi dzese paperiodic tafura, pamwe nekunyanya kusimba kwesimba— zvivakwa zvinoita kuti zvive zvakanyatsokodzera kutora kushungurudzwa kwenguva yakareba. Ivo vakanangana nekunzwisisa kuti tungsten yaizoshanda sei mukati mefusion reactor, chishandiso chinopisa maatomu akareruka kusvika kune tembiricha inopisa kupfuura mukati mezuva kuitira kuti isanganise uye ibudise simba. Hydrogen gasi mu fusion reactor inoshandurwa kuita hydrogen plasma - mamiriro enyaya ayo ane chikamu ionized gasi - inozovharirwa munzvimbo diki nemagineti akasimba kana lasers.

"Iwe hausi kuda kuisa chimwe chinhu mureactor yako chinongotora mazuva mashoma," akadaro Unterberg, mukuru wekutsvagisa sainzi muORNL's Fusion Energy Division. “Unoda kuva neupenyu hwakakwana. Tinoisa tungsten munzvimbo dzatinofungidzira kuti kuchave nekubhomba kwakanyanya kweplasma. "

Muna 2016, Unterberg nechikwata vakatanga kuita zviedzo mu tokamak, fusion reactor inoshandisa magineti-minda kuve nemhete yeplasma, paDIII-D National Fusion Facility, DOE Hofisi yeSainzi mushandisi nzvimbo muSan Diego. Vaida kuziva kana tungsten yaigona kushandiswa kugadzirira vacuum yekamuri yetokamak—kuidzivirira pakuparadzwa kunokurumidza kunokonzerwa nemigumisiro yeplasma—pasina kushatisa plasma pachayo. Kusvibiswa uku, kana kukasagadziriswa zvakakwana, kunogona kudzima kuita kwefusion.

"Takanga tichiedza kuona kuti ndezvipi nzvimbo mukamuri dzinganyanya kushata: uko tungsten yainyanya kuburitsa tsvina inogona kusvibisa plasma," akadaro Unterberg.

Kuti uwane izvo, vaongorori vakashandisa yakafumiswa isotope ye tungsten, W-182, pamwe neiyo isina kugadziridzwa isotope, kutsvaga kukukurwa, kutakura uye kudzoreredzwa kwetungsten kubva mukati me divertor. Kutarisa kufamba kwe tungsten mukati me divertor-nzvimbo iri mukati mekamuri yevacuum yakagadzirirwa kutsausa plasma uye tsvina-yakavapa mufananidzo wakajeka wekuti inoparadza sei kubva panzvimbo mukati me tokamak uye inopindirana ne plasma. Iyo yakafumiswa tungsten isotope ine yakafanana yemuviri uye makemikari zvimiro seyenguva dzose tungsten. Zviyedzo zveDIII-D zvakashandisa simbi diki dzakaputirwa neisotopu yakafumiswa yakaiswa padyo ne, asi kwete, iyo yakanyanya kupisa inoyerera zone, nzvimbo iri muchikepe inowanzodaidzwa kuti divertor kure-kwakananga dunhu. Zvakaparadzana, munzvimbo inotsaudzira ine yakanyanya kuyerera, iyo yekurova-nzvimbo, vatsvagiri vakashandisa kuisa neisotopu isina kugadziridzwa. Iyo yakasara yekamuri yeDIII-D yakashongedzwa negraphite.

Kugadzika uku kwakabvumira vatsvakurudzi kuti vatore sampuli pamaprobes akaiswa kwenguva pfupi mukamuri yekuyera kusvibiswa kuyerera kuenda nekubva mumudziyo wezvombo, izvo zvinogona kuvapa pfungwa chaiyo yekuti tungsten yakange yabuda kubva kune divertor kupinda mukamuri yaive kupi. yakatanga.

"Kushandisa isotopu yakagadziridzwa kwakatipa yakasarudzika zvigunwe," Unterberg akadaro.

Yakanga iri yekutanga kuedza kwakadaro kwakaitwa mumudziyo wekusanganisa. Chimwe chinangwa chaive chekuona izvo zvakanakisa zvekushandisa uye nzvimbo yezvishandiso izvi zvemakamuri ezvombo, uku uchichengeta kusvibiswa kunokonzerwa neplasma-zvinhu kupindirana kwakanyanya kunowanikwa kune divertor uye kusasvibisa magineti-yakavharirwa musimboti plasma inoshandiswa kugadzira fusion.

Chimwe chinonetsa nekugadzira uye kushanda kwevanotsausa kusvibiswa kwetsvina muplasma inokonzerwa needge-localized modes, kana maELM. Zvimwe zvezviitiko izvi zvinokurumidza, zvine simba guru, zvakafanana nemoto wezuva, zvinogona kukuvadza kana kuparadza zvinhu zvemidziyo senge divertor plate. Kuwanda kweELMs, nguva pasekondi zviitiko izvi zvinoitika, chiratidzo chehuwandu hwesimba rinobudiswa kubva muplasma kusvika kumadziro. High-frequency ELMs inogona kusunungura huwandu hweplasma pakuputika, asi kana maELM asingawanzoitiki, plasma uye simba rinobudiswa pakuputika kwakakwirira, uye mukana mukuru wekukuvara. Tsvagiridzo ichangoburwa yakatarisa nzira dzekudzora nekuwedzera kuwanda kweELM, senge jekiseni repellet kana mamwe magineti magineti padiki hukuru.

Chikwata cheUnterberg chakawana, sezvavaitarisira, kuti kuva ne tungsten kure ne-high-flux stereki-poindi kwakawedzera zvakanyanya mukana wekusvibiswa kana uchinge wafumurwa kune yakaderera-frequency ELMs ane yakakwira simba uye kubata pamusoro pechiitiko chimwe nechimwe. Pamusoro pezvo, timu iyi yakaona kuti nharaunda iyi yekure-inotsausa yainyanya kusvibisa iyo SOL kunyangwe ichiwanzo iine yakaderera fluxes pane yekurova-nzvimbo. Izvi zvinoita sezvinopesana nemhedzisiro zviri kusimbiswa neinoenderera mberi divertor modelling kuedza zvine chekuita nepurojekiti iyi uye kuyedza kweramangwana paDIII-D.

Ichi chirongwa chaisanganisira chikwata chenyanzvi kubva kuNorth America yose, kusanganisira vanobatana kubva kuPrinceton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, ORNL, General Atomics, Auburn University, University of California kuSan Diego, University of Toronto, Yunivhesiti yeTennessee-Knoxville, uye Yunivhesiti yeWisconsin-Madison, sezvo yakapa chishandiso chakakosha chekutsvaga kweplasma-zvinhu. Hofisi yeDoE yeSainzi (Fusion Energy Sainzi) yakapa rutsigiro pachidzidzo ichi.

Chikwata chakaburitsa tsvagiridzo pamhepo pakutanga kwegore rino mujenariNuclear Fusion.

Tsvagiridzo iyi inogona kubatsira nekukurumidza iyo Joint European Torus, kana JET, uye ITER, ikozvino iri kuvakwa muCadarache, France, ese ari maviri anoshandisa tungsten nhumbi dzokurwa dzemudziyo.

"Asi isu tiri kutarisa zvinhu zviri kunze kweITER neJET - isu tiri kutarisa kune fusion reactor yeramangwana," Unterberg akadaro. "Ndepapi pakanakisisa kuisa tungsten, uye kupi kwausingafaniri kuisa tungsten? Chinangwa chedu chikuru ndechekushongedza ma fusion reactors, kana auya, nenzira yakangwara. "

Unterberg akati ORNL yakasarudzika Stable Isotopes Boka, iyo yakagadzira uye yakayedza yakafumiswa isotope coating isati yaiisa muchimiro inobatsira pakuedza, yakaita kuti tsvagiridzo iite. Iyo isotope ingadai isina kuwanikwa chero kupi asi kubva kuNational Isotope Development Center kuORNL, iyo inochengetedza dura rezvinenge zvinhu zvese zvakapatsanurwa, akadaro.

"ORNL ine hunyanzvi hwakasarudzika uye zvimwe zvishuwo zverudzi urwu rwekutsvagisa," Unterberg akadaro. "Tine nhaka yakareba yekugadzira isotopes uye kushandisa idzo dziri mumhando dzese dzekutsvagisa mumashandisirwo akasiyana pasirese."

Pamusoro pezvo, ORNL inobata US ITER.

Tevere, timu ichatarisa kuti kuisa tungsten mumadhivhari akasiyana angakanganisa sei kusvibiswa kwepakati. Akasiyana divertor geometries anogona kudzikisa mhedzisiro yeplasma-zvinhu kupindirana pane yakakosha plasma, ivo vakafungidzira. Kuziva chimiro chakanakisisa chechinhu chinotsausa—chikamu chinodiwa chemuchina we<em>magnetic-confined plasma—kungaisa masayendisiti nhanho imwe pedyo nechinhu chinoshanda cheplasma reactor.

"Kana isu, senzanga, tichiti tinoda kuti simba renyukireya riitike, uye isu tinoda kuenda kune imwe nhanho inotevera," Unterberg akadaro, "fusion ingave iyo inoyera."