A fusion reactor ibhodhoro remagineti rine maitiro akafanana anoitika muzuva. Deuterium uye tritium mafuta anopfuya kuumba mhute yehelium ion, manyutroni uye kupisa. Sezvo iri gasi rinopisa, rine ayoni—rinonzi plasma—rinopisa, kupisa ikoko kunoendeswa kumvura kuita chiutsi chokushandura maturbine anogadzira magetsi. Iyo yakanyanya kupisa plasma inogara ichityisidzira kumadziro e reactor uye divertor (iyo inobvisa tsvina kubva kune inoshanda reactor kuchengetedza plasma inopisa zvakakwana kupisa).

"Tiri kuedza kuona maitiro akakosha emidziyo yakatarisana neplasma nechinangwa chekunzwisisa zviri nani nzira dzekushatisa kuti tikwanise kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakasimba, zvitsva," akadaro sainzi wezvekushandisa Chad Parish weDhipatimendi reEnergy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Ndiye munyori mukuru wechidzidzo mujenariScientific Reportsiyo yakaongorora kuderedzwa kwe tungsten pasi peiyo reactor-inoenderana mamiriro.

Nekuti tungsten ine yakanyanya kunyungudika yesimbi dzese, inomirira plasma-yakatarisana nezvinhu. Nekuda kwehutete hwayo, zvisinei, gweta remagetsi rekutengesa rinogona kunge rakagadzirwa netungsten alloy kana composite. Zvisinei, kudzidza nezve simba reatomu bombardment rinokanganisa tungsten microscopically kunobatsira mainjiniya kuvandudza zvinhu zvenyukireya.

"Mukati memushonga wemagetsi emagetsi ndimo mune hutsinye mainjiniya ati ambokumbirwa kugadzira zvinhu," Parish akadaro. "Zvakaipa kupfuura mukati meinjini yejeti."

Vatsvaguri vari kudzidza kudyidzana kweplasma nemidziyo yemuchina kugadzira zvinhu zvinopfuura kuenderana nemamiriro ekushanda akaomarara. Kuvimbika kwezvinhu inyaya yakakosha ine tekinoroji yazvino uye mitsva yenyukireya ine chekuita nekuvaka uye kushandisa mari yezvidyarwa zvemagetsi. Saka zvakakosha kune mainjiniya zvinhu zvekuomarara pamusoro pehupenyu hurefu.

Pachidzidzo chazvino, vaongorori vepaYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, San Diego, vakabhomba tungsten nehelium plasma pashoma simba vachitevedzera fusion reactor pasi pemamiriro akajairwa. Zvichakadaro, vatsvakurudzi veORNL vakashandisa Multicharged Ion Research Facility kurova tungsten ine high-energy helium ions ichiita zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki, zvakadai sekukanganiswa kweplasma kunogona kuisa simba rakawandisa.

Achishandisa transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron nanocrystallography, masayendisiti akaratidza kushanduka kwemabhuru mu tungsten crystal uye chimiro uye kukura kwezvivakwa zvinonzi "tendrils" pasi pepasi-uye high-energy mamiriro. Vakatumira masampula kufemu inonzi AppFive yeprecession electron diffraction, tekinoroji yepamusoro yeelectron crystallography, kufambisa nzira dzekukura pasi pemamiriro akasiyana.

Kwemakore mashomanana masayendisiti ave achiziva kuti tungsten inopindura plasma nokugadzira tambo dzecrystalline pachiyero chemabhiriyoni emamita, kana kuti nanometers—kauswa kadukuduku kemhando. Ongororo yazvino yakaona kuti matendrils aigadzirwa neakaderera-energy bombardment aikura zvishoma nezvishoma, akatsetseka uye akatsetseka - achigadzira denser carpet ye fuzz - pane ayo akagadzirwa nepamusoro-simba kurwisa.

Musimbi, maatomu anotora kurongeka kwemaitiro ane nzvimbo dzakatsanangurwa pakati pawo. Kana atomu ikabviswa, nzvimbo isina chinhu, kana “vacancy,” inosara. Kana mwaranzi, sebhora rebhiriyadhi, ikagogodza atomu kubva panzvimbo yayo uye ichisiya nzvimbo, atomu iyoyo inofanira kuenda kumwe. Inozvikandira pakati pemamwe maatomu mukristaro, ichiva inopindirana.

Zvakajairwa fusion-reactor oparesheni inofumura iyo divertor kune yakakwira-flux yemaatomu ehelium-yakaderera-simba. "Helium ion haisi kurova zvine simba zvekuti inokwanisa kudhumhana nebhora remabhiridhi, saka inofanirwa kusveverera muretisi kuti itange kugadzira mabhuru kana kumwe kukanganisa," Parish akatsanangura.

Theorists vakaita saBrian Wirth, Sachigaro waGavhuna weUT-ORNL, vakatevedzera sisitimu uye vanotenda zvinhu zvinobviswa kubva kune retiti kana mabubbles achiumba matombo ekuvaka ematendi. Maatomu eHelium anodzungaira achitenderedza latisi zvisina tsarukano, Parishi akadaro. Vanorovera mune mamwe mahelium uye vanobatana. Pakupedzisira sumbu racho rakakura zvakakwana kugogodza atomu ye tungsten kubva panzvimbo yayo.

"Nguva yese iyo bubble rinokura rinosundira mamwe maatomu maviri etungsten kubva panzvimbo yavo, uye vanofanirwa kuenda kumwe kunhu. Vachakwezvwa nepamusoro,” Parish akadaro. "Iko, isu tinotenda, ndiyo nzira inoshandiswa nanofuzz ​​iyi."

Computational masayendisiti anomhanyisa masimulation pamakomputa makuru kuti adzidze zvinhu paatomu yavo, kana saizi yenanometer uye nanosecond nguva zviyero. Mainjiniya anoongorora mabatiro anoita zvinhu, kutsemuka, uye kuita neimwe nzira mushure mekuratidzwa kwenguva refu kuplasma, pahurefu hwemasentimita uye zvikero zvenguva yeawa. "Asi pakanga paine sainzi shoma pakati," akadaro Parishi, uyo kuyedza kwakazadza mukaha weruzivo uyu kudzidza zviratidzo zvekutanga zvekuparara kwezvinhu uye matanho ekutanga ekukura kwenanotendril.

Saka fuzz yakanaka here kana yakaipa? "Fuzz inogona kunge iine zvese zvinokuvadza uye zvinobatsira, asi kusvika taziva zvakawanda nezvazvo, hatikwanise kugadzira mainjiniya ekuyedza kubvisa zvakaipa tichisimudzira zvakanaka," Parish akadaro. Kudivi rakanaka, tungsten isinganzwisisike inogona kutora huremu hwekupisa hunogona kupaza tungsten yakawanda, uye kukurwa kwevhu kunoderera zvakapetwa ka10 mukupenga pane kuwanda tungsten. Padivi reminus, nanotendrils inogona kubvaruka, ichigadzira guruva rinogona kutonhodza plasma. Chinangwa chesaenzi chinotevera ndechekudzidza kuti zvinhu zvinoshanduka sei uye kuti zviri nyore sei kutyora nanotendrils kubva pamusoro.

Vabatsiri veORNL vakaburitsa munguva pfupi yapfuura kuongorora maelectron microscopy ayo anovhenekera maitiro etungsten. Imwe ongororo yakaratidza kuti tendril kukura haina kuenderera mune chero yaidiwa maitiro. Imwe ongororo yakaratidza kuti mhinduro yeplasma-yakatarisana tungsten kune helium atomu flux yakashanduka kubva ku nanofuzz ​​chete (pa low flux) kuenda nanofuzz ​​plus mabubble (pakukwira kukuru).

Musoro webepa razvino ndewe "Morphologies ye tungsten nanotendrils inokura pasi pekuratidzwa kwehelium."