Chii chiri muzvinhu zvako? Vakawanda vedu hatimbofungi nezvezvinhu zvinoita kuti upenyu hwemazuva ano huvepo. Zvakadaro matekinoroji akadai semafoni akangwara, mota dzemagetsi, maTV mahombe uye kugadzirwa kwemagetsi egirinhi zvinoenderana nemhando yemakemikari zvinhu izvo vanhu vazhinji vasina kumbonzwa nezvazvo. Kusvika pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi20, mazhinji aionekwa seanongofarira kuziva - asi ikozvino akakosha. Muchokwadi, nhare mbozha ine inopfuura chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chezvinhu zviri muperiodic table.

Sezvo vanhu vazhinji vanoda kuwana matekinoroji aya, kudiwa kwezvinhu zvakakosha kuri kukura. Asi kugovera kunoenderana nehuwandu hwezvematongerwo enyika, ehupfumi uye geological zvinhu, kugadzira mitengo isingachinjiki pamwe nehukuru hunogona kuwana. Izvi zvinoita kuti mari mukuchera simbi idzi ive bhizinesi rine njodzi. Pazasi pangori mienzaniso mishoma yezvinhu zvatakasvika pakuvimba nazvo zvakaona mutengo wakapinza uchikwira (uye kumwe kudonha) mumakore mashoma apfuura.

Cobalt

Cobalt yakashandiswa kwemazana emakore kugadzira inoshamisa girazi rebhuruu uye ceramic glazes. Nhasi icho chinhu chakakosha mu superalloys yemazuva ano jet injini, uye mabhatiri anosimbisa mafoni edu nemotokari dzemagetsi. Kudiwa kwemotokari idzi kwakawedzera nekukurumidza mumakore mashoma apfuura, nekunyoresa pasi rose kudarika katatu kubva ku200,000 muna 2013 kusvika ku750,000 muna 2016. Kutengeswa kwema smartphone kwakakwirawo - kusvika kune mabhiriyoni 1.5 muna 2017 - kunyange zvazvo yekutanga yakambonyura pamagumo. yegore pamwe inoratidza kuti mamwe misika yazara.

Padivi pekuda kubva kumaindasitiri echinyakare, izvi zvakabatsira kukwidza mitengo yecobalt kubva pa£15 pakirogiramu kusvika pamadhora makumi manomwe pakirogiramu mumakore matatu apfuura. Africa yagara ichinyanya kuwana zvicherwa zvecobalt asi kudiwa kuri kuramba kuchikwira pamwe nekutyira kuchengetedzeka kwezvinhu zvinoreva kuti migodhi mitsva iri kuvhurwa kune mamwe matunhu akaita seUS. Asi mumufananidzo wekusagadzikana kwemusika, kuwedzera kwekugadzirwa kwakakonzera kuti mitengo ideredze ne30% mumwedzi ichangopfuura.

Rare earth elements

"Nyika dzisingawanzoitiki" iboka rezvikamu gumi nenomwe. Pasinei nezita ravo, isu tava kuziva kuti havasi ivo vashoma, uye vanonyanya kuwanikwa sechigadzirwa chemigodhi yakakura yesimbi, titanium kana kunyange uranium. Mumakore achangopfuura, kugadzirwa kwavo kwave kutungamirwa neChina, iyo yakapa pamusoro pe95% yepasi rose.

Mapasi asingawanzo anoshandiswa mumotokari dzemagetsi uye turbines emhepo, uko zviviri zvezvinhu, neodymium uye praseodymium, zvakakosha pakugadzira magineti ane simba mumamota emagetsi uye majenareta. Magineti akadaro anowanikwawo mune ese mataurirwo efoni uye maikorofoni.

Mitengo yepasi isingawanzo siyana inosiyana uye inochinja zvakanyanya. Semuenzaniso, inotungamirirwa nekukura mumotokari yemagetsi uye simba remhepo, neodymium oxide mitengo yakakwira pakupera kwe2017 pa £ 93 kilogram, kaviri pakati pe 2016 mutengo, isati yadzokera kumazinga akapoteredza 40% kupfuura 2016. Kusagadzikana kwakadaro uye kusachengeteka kwe kupa kunoreva kuti nyika zhinji dziri kutsvaga kutsvaga kwadzo kwadziri nyika isingawanzo wanikwa kana kusiyanisa kugovera kwadzo kure neChina.

Gario

Galrium chinhu chinoshamisa. Mune chimiro chayo chesimbi, inogona kunyunguduka pazuva rinopisa (pamusoro pe30 ° C). Asi kana yasanganiswa ne arsenic kugadzira gallium arsenide, inogadzira ine simba yekumhanya semiconductor inoshandiswa mumicro-electronics inoita kuti mafoni edu ave akangwara. Nenitrogen (gallium nitride), inoshandiswa mukuvheneka kwepasi-simba (LEDs) neruvara rwakafanira (maLED aimbove matsvuku kana girini pamberi pegallium nitride). Zvakare, gallium inonyanya kugadzirwa sechigadzirwa cheimwe migodhi yesimbi, kunyanya yesimbi uye zingi, asi kusiyana nesimbi idzodzo mutengo wayo wakawedzera zvakapetwa kaviri kubvira 2016 kusvika pa £315 pakirogiramu muna Chivabvu 2018.

Indium

Indium ndechimwe chezvinhu zvisingawanzo simbi pasi pano asi iwe unogona kutarisa mamwe mazuva ese sezvo ese akafuratira uye ekubata skrini anotsamira pane yakatetepa layer ye indium tin oxide. Chinhu chinowanikwa zvakanyanya sechigadzirwa chemugodhi we zinc uye unogona kungowana giremu imwe chete ye indium kubva pa1,000 matani e ore.

Kunyangwe kushomeka kwayo, ichiri chikamu chakakosha chemidziyo yemagetsi nekuti parizvino hapana nzira dzinoshanda dzekugadzira touch screen. Nekudaro, masayendisiti anotarisira kuti maviri-dimensional fomu yekabhoni inozivikanwa segraphene inogona kupa mhinduro. Mushure mekunyura kukuru muna 2015, mutengo wakwira ne50% pamazinga a2016-17 kusvika pamadhora mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu pakirogiramu, inofambiswa zvakanyanya nekushandiswa kwayo mumafurati.

Tungsten

Tungsten chimwe chezvinhu zvinorema, zvakapetwa kaviri sesimbi. Taimbotsamira pairi kuvheneka dzimba dzedu, apo magirobhu ekare ekare aishandisa tungsten filament yakatetepa. Asi kunyangwe zvigadziriso zvemwenje zvakaderera zvine zvese kunze kwekubvisa tungsten mwenje, vazhinji vedu tichiri kushandisa tungsten mazuva ese. Pamwe chete necobalt uye neodymium, ndizvo zvinoita kuti mafoni edu adengenyeke. Ese zvinhu zvitatu zvinoshandiswa mudiki asi rinorema misa iyo inorukwa nemota mukati memafoni edu kuitira kugadzira mavibrations.

Tungsten yakasanganiswa nekabhoni zvakare inogadzira yakaomesesa ceramic yekucheka maturusi anoshandiswa mukugadzira zvinhu zvesimbi mune aerospace, kudzivirira uye maindasitiri emotokari. Inoshandiswa muzvikamu zvinopfekwa mumafuta uye gasi kudhirowa, migodhi uye tunnel inobhowa michina. Tungsten inopindawo mukugadzira simbi dzepamusoro.

Tungsten ore ndechimwe chezvicherwa zvishoma zviri kucherwa kuUK, nemugodhi wakarara we tungsten-tin ore pedyo nePlymouth uchivhurwazve muna 2014. Mugodhi uyu wanetsa mune zvemari nekuda kwekusanduka kuri kuita mitengo yematombo pasi rose. Mitengo yakadzikira kubva muna 2014 kusvika 2016 asi yave kudzokera kumavambo a2014 ichipa tariro yeramangwana remugodhi uyu.