China pini yosungunuka kwambiri ya molybdenum yachitsulo yosungunuka Wopanga ndi Wopereka

pini yosungunuka kwambiri yoloza molybdenum kuti isungunuke chitsulo

pini yosungunuka ya molybdenum yosungunuka yachitsulo yosungunuka

Kufotokozera Kwachidule:

Molybdenum imadziŵikadi chifukwa chosungunuka kwambiri, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yamtengo wapatali pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zotentha kwambiri, kuphatikizapo kusungunuka kwachitsulo ndi njira zina zamakampani. Molybdenum imasungunuka kwambiri, pafupifupi madigiri 2,623 Celsius (4,753 degrees Fahrenheit), imalola kuti ikhale yolimba kwambiri, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe zinthu zina zingasungunuke kapena kuonongeka.

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Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zili ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri?

Zinthu zingapo zimadziwika chifukwa chosungunuka kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofunikira pazantchito zosiyanasiyana zamafakitale, zasayansi, komanso zaukadaulo. Zina mwazinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri ndi awa:

1. Tungsten: Tungsten ili ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri kuposa zitsulo zonse, pafupifupi madigiri 3,422 Celsius (6,192 degrees Fahrenheit). Kusungunuka kwapadera kumeneku kumapangitsa tungsten kukhala yofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwakukulu monga makampani oyendetsa ndege, kugwirizanitsa magetsi ndi ng'anjo zotentha kwambiri.

2. Rhenium: Rhenium ili ndi malo achitatu osungunuka kwambiri kuposa maelementi onse, pafupifupi madigiri 3,180 Celsius (5,756 degrees Fahrenheit). Malo osungunuka kwambiri a Rhenium komanso kukana kuvala ndi dzimbiri amalola kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito potentha kwambiri, kuphatikiza ma superalloys amlengalenga ndi injini zama turbine zamagesi.

3. Osmium: Osmium ili ndi malo osungunuka pafupifupi 3,033 degrees Celsius (5,491 degrees Fahrenheit), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri. Osmium imagwiritsidwa ntchito muzitsulo zina zotentha kwambiri komanso m'mapulogalamu apadera omwe amafunikira kulimba kwambiri komanso kukana dzimbiri.

4. Tantalum: Tantalum ili ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri pafupifupi madigiri 3,020 Celsius (5,468 degrees Fahrenheit). Malo osungunuka kwambiri a Tantalum komanso kukana kwa dzimbiri kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yamtengo wapatali mu zida zopangira mankhwala, zida za ng'anjo zotentha kwambiri, ndi zida zamagetsi.

5. Molybdenum: Molybdenum imakhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri, pafupifupi madigiri 2,623 Celsius (4,753 degrees Fahrenheit). Malo osungunuka kwambiri a Molybdenum komanso mphamvu zake zotentha kwambiri komanso mphamvu pa kutentha kwapamwamba zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofunikira pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zotentha kwambiri, kuphatikizapo ndege, chitetezo ndi mafakitale.

Zinthuzi zimakhala zamtengo wapatali chifukwa cha malo osungunuka kwambiri, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azisunga umphumphu ndikugwira ntchito pa kutentha kwakukulu. Makhalidwe awo apadera amawapangitsa kukhala ofunikira kwambiri pazogwiritsidwa ntchito pomwe zinthuzo zimatha kutentha kwambiri komanso kupsinjika kwamafuta.

Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimakhudza malo osungunuka?

Kusungunuka kwa chinthu kumakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mphamvu za intermolecular, mapangidwe a maselo, ndi kuthamanga kwa kunja. Nazi zina zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza kusungunuka kwa chinthu:

1. Intermolecular mphamvu: Mphamvu ya intermolecular mphamvu pakati pa mamolekyu imakhala ndi chikoka chachikulu pa malo osungunuka. Zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu zolimba zapakati, monga ma ionic kapena covalent bond, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, zitsulo ndi ma ionic zimakhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu zamagulu awo ogwirizana.

2. Kukula ndi mawonekedwe a mamolekyu: Kukula ndi mawonekedwe a molekyulu zimakhudza malo osungunuka. Mamolekyu akuluakulu okhala ndi zinthu zovuta kwambiri amakhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa malo komanso kulumikizana kwamphamvu kwapakati. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono, ozungulira amatha kukhala ndi malo otsika osungunuka.

3. Polarity: Mamolekyu a polar amakhala ndi magawo osagwirizana ndipo amakhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri kuposa mamolekyu omwe si a polar. Izi ndichifukwa choti mamolekyu a polar amawonetsa zokopa zamphamvu zama intermolecular, monga kuyanjana kwa dipole-dipole ndi kulumikizana kwa hydrogen.

4. Kapangidwe ka kristalo: Kukonzekera kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono mu kristalo wolimba kumakhudza malo osungunuka. Zinthu zokhala ndi makristalo okonzedwa bwino komanso odzaza kwambiri nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri kuposa omwe ali ndi zida zosalongosoka.

5. Kupanikizika: Nthawi zina, kusungunuka kwa chinthu kumakhudzidwa ndi mphamvu yakunja. Mwachitsanzo, kupanikizika kowonjezereka kungapangitse kusungunuka kwa zinthu zina, makamaka zomwe zimasonyeza khalidwe lachilendo pazovuta kwambiri.

6. Zidetso: Kukhalapo kwa zonyansa m’chinthu kumachepetsa kusungunuka kwake. Zonyansa zimasokoneza dongosolo la lattice, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zisinthe kuchoka ku zolimba kupita kumadzi.

7. Kapangidwe ka isotopu: Kapangidwe ka isotopu, makamaka kaphatikizidwe ka isotopi ka zinthu, kungakhudze malo osungunuka. Ma Isotopu okhala ndi ma atomiki osiyanasiyana amatha kuwonetsa malo osungunuka pang'ono chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwawo kwa ma atomiki.

Kumvetsetsa zinthu izi ndikofunikira pakulosera komanso kufotokozera momwe zinthu zimasungunuka. Poganizira momwe zinthuzi zimagwirira ntchito, asayansi ndi mainjiniya amatha kudziwa momwe zinthu zimapangidwira komanso momwe zimakhalira pamikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana.