Nambala ya atomiki	41
Nambala ya CAS	7440-03-1
Misa ya atomiki	92.91
Malo osungunuka	2 468 °C
Malo otentha	4900 °C
Mphamvu ya atomiki	0.0180 nm3
Kuchuluka kwa 20 ° C	8.55g/cm³
Kapangidwe ka kristalo	cubic yokhala ndi thupi
Lattice yosasintha	0.3294 [nm]
Kuchuluka mu kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi	20.0 [g/t]
Liwiro la mawu	3480 m/s (pa rt) (ndodo yowonda)
Kukula kwamafuta	7.3 µm/(m·K) (pa 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	53.7W/(m·K)
Kulimbana ndi magetsi	152 nΩ·m (pa 20 °C)
Mohs kuuma	6.0
Vickers kuuma	870-1320Mpa
Brinell kuuma	1735-2450Mpa

Niobium, yomwe poyamba inkadziwika kuti columbium, ndi mankhwala omwe ali ndi chizindikiro cha Nb (kale Cb) ndi nambala ya atomiki 41. Ndizitsulo zofewa, zotuwa, za crystalline, ductile transition, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapezeka mu mchere wa pyrochlore ndi columbite, choncho dzina lakale " Colombia". Dzina lake limachokera ku nthano zachi Greek, makamaka Niobe, yemwe anali mwana wamkazi wa Tantalus, dzina la tantalum. Dzinali likuwonetsa kufanana kwakukulu pakati pa zinthu ziwirizi muzinthu zawo zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuzisiyanitsa.

Katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku England Charles Hatchett anafotokoza chinthu chatsopano chofanana ndi tantalum mu 1801 ndipo anachitcha kuti columbium. Mu 1809, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku England William Hyde Wollaston anaganiza molakwika kuti tantalum ndi columbium zinali zofanana. Katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Germany Heinrich Rose anatsimikiza mu 1846 kuti tantalum ores ali ndi chinthu chachiwiri, chomwe anachitcha niobium. Mu 1864 ndi 1865, mndandanda wa zomwe asayansi apeza zinamveketsa bwino kuti niobium ndi columbium zinali zofanana (monga zosiyanitsidwa ndi tantalum), ndipo kwa zaka zana mayina onsewa adagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana. Niobium idalandiridwa mwalamulo ngati dzina la chinthucho mu 1949, koma dzina loti columbium likugwiritsidwabe ntchito pano muzitsulo ku United States.

Sizinali mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 pamene niobium inayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamalonda. Dziko la Brazil ndilomwe limapanga niobium ndi ferronobium, alloy ya 60-70% ya niobium yokhala ndi iron. Niobium imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu aloyi, gawo lalikulu kwambiri muzitsulo zapadera monga zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamapaipi a gasi. Ngakhale ma aloyiwa ali ndi kuchuluka kwa 0.1%, kagawo kakang'ono ka niobium kumawonjezera mphamvu yachitsulo. Kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa ma superalloys okhala ndi niobium ndikofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito injini za jet ndi rocket.

Niobium imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana za superconducting. Ma superconducting alloys awa, omwe alinso ndi titaniyamu ndi malata, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu maginito apamwamba kwambiri a scanner za MRI. Ntchito zina za niobium ndi monga kuwotcherera, mafakitale a nyukiliya, zamagetsi, optics, numismatics, ndi zodzikongoletsera. Mu awiri otsiriza ntchito, otsika kawopsedwe ndi iridescence opangidwa ndi anodization kwambiri ankafuna katundu. Niobium imatengedwa ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri paukadaulo.

Makhalidwe a thupi

Niobium ndi yonyezimira, imvi, ductile, paramagnetic zitsulo mu gulu 5 la periodic tebulo (onani tebulo), ndi ma elekitironi kasinthidwe mu akunja zipolopolo atypical kwa gulu 5. (Izi zikhoza kuwonedwa m'dera la ruthenium (44), rhodium (45), ndi palladium (46).

Ngakhale kuti amalingaliridwa kuti ali ndi thupi-katikati kiyubiki kristalo dongosolo kuchokera mtheradi ziro ku malo ake osungunuka, mkulu-kusamvana miyeso ya kukula matenthedwe nkhwangwa atatu crystallographic amavumbula anisotropies amene sagwirizana ndi kiyubiki dongosolo.[28] Choncho, kufufuza kwina ndi kutulukira m'derali kukuyembekezeka.

Niobium imakhala superconductor pa kutentha kwa cryogenic. Pamphamvu ya mumlengalenga, imakhala ndi kutentha kwakukulu kwambiri kwa ma elemental superconductors pa 9.2 K. Niobium ili ndi kuya kwakukulu kwa maginito kwa chinthu chilichonse. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi imodzi mwazinthu zitatu zazikuluzikulu zamtundu wa II, pamodzi ndi vanadium ndi technetium. Ma superconductive amadalira kwambiri chiyero cha chitsulo cha niobium.

Zikakhala zoyera kwambiri, zimakhala zofewa komanso zodumphira, koma zonyansa zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta.

Chitsulocho chimakhala ndi gawo lochepa lamtundu wa ma neutroni otentha; motero amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale a nyukiliya komwe kufunidwa mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a nyutroni.

Chemical makhalidwe

Chitsulochi chimayamba kuoneka ngati bluish chikakhala ndi mpweya wotentha kwa nthawi yaitali. Ngakhale imasungunuka kwambiri m'mawonekedwe oyambira (2,468 ° C), imakhala ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono kuposa zitsulo zina zowumitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, sichita dzimbiri, imawonetsa zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo imapanga zigawo za dielectric oxide.

Niobium ndi yocheperako pang'ono ya electropositive komanso yophatikizika kwambiri kuposa yomwe idakhazikitsidwa patebulo la periodic, zirconium, pomwe imakhala yofanana kukula kwa ma atomu olemera a tantalum, chifukwa cha kutsika kwa lanthanide. Zotsatira zake, mankhwala a niobium amafanana kwambiri ndi a tantalum, omwe amawonekera pansi pa niobium mu tebulo la periodic. Ngakhale kukana kwake kwa dzimbiri sikwabwino kwambiri ngati kwa tantalum, kutsika mtengo komanso kupezeka kwakukulu kumapangitsa niobium kukhala yowoneka bwino pakugwiritsa ntchito movutikira, monga zomangira zitsulo m'mafakitale amankhwala.