Ma fusion reactor kwenikweni ndi botolo la maginito lomwe lili ndi njira zomwe zimachitika padzuwa. Mafuta a Deuterium ndi tritium amalumikizana kuti apange nthunzi wa ayoni a helium, ma neutroni ndi kutentha. Pamene mpweya wotentha, wopangidwa ndi ayoni—wotchedwa plasma—uyaka, kutentha kumeneko kumasamutsidwira kumadzi kupanga nthunzi yosinthira makina opangira magetsi. Kutentha kwa plasma kumapangitsa kuti pakhale chiwopsezo chokhazikika pakhoma la riyakitala ndi divertor (yomwe imachotsa zinyalala kuchokera ku makina opangira ntchito kuti plasma ikhale yotentha mokwanira kuti itenthe).

"Tikuyesera kudziwa momwe zinthu zomwe zimayang'ana m'madzi a m'magazi zimayendera ndi cholinga chomvetsetsa bwino njira zowonongeka kuti tithe kupanga zida zatsopano," anatero wasayansi wa zinthu zakuthupi Chad Parish wa Dipatimenti ya Mphamvu ya Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Iye ndi wolemba wamkulu wa kafukufuku mu magaziniMalipoti a Sayansiyomwe idasanthula kuwonongeka kwa tungsten pansi pamikhalidwe yogwirizana ndi riyakitala.

Chifukwa tungsten ili ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri kuposa zitsulo zonse, ndiyofunikira pakupanga zinthu zoyang'ana m'madzi a m'magazi. Chifukwa cha kulimba kwake, komabe, malo ogulitsa magetsi amatha kukhala opangidwa ndi tungsten alloy kapena kompositi. Ziribe kanthu, kuphunzira momwe kuphulika kwamphamvu kwa atomiki kumakhudzira tungsten mozama kumathandizira mainjiniya kukonza zida zanyukiliya.

"Mkati mwa fakitale yophatikizira magetsi muli akatswiri opanga zankhanza kwambiri omwe adafunsidwapo kuti apange zida," Parishi adatero. "Ndizoipa kuposa mkati mwa injini ya jeti."

Ofufuza akufufuza momwe plasma ndi makina amagwirira ntchito kuti apange zinthu zomwe sizingafanane ndi mikhalidwe yovuta ngati imeneyi. Kudalirika kwazinthu ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri ndi matekinoloje amakono ndi atsopano a nyukiliya omwe amakhudza kwambiri ndalama zomanga ndi zogwiritsira ntchito magetsi. Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuti zida za injiniya zikhale zolimba pazamoyo zazitali.

Pakafukufuku wapano, ofufuza a ku Yunivesite ya California, San Diego, adapha tungsten ndi madzi a m'magazi a helium pamphamvu yotsika motsanzira fusion reactor pansi pamikhalidwe yabwinobwino. Pakadali pano, ofufuza a ku ORNL adagwiritsa ntchito Multicharged Ion Research Facility kumenya tungsten yokhala ndi ma ion a helium amphamvu kwambiri omwe amatengera zinthu zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri, monga kusokonezeka kwa plasma komwe kumatha kuyika mphamvu zambiri modabwitsa.

Pogwiritsa ntchito ma microscopy a electron, kusanthula ma electron microscopy, kusanthula ma electron microscopy ndi electron nanocrystallography, asayansi amasonyeza kusinthika kwa thovu mu tungsten crystal ndi mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa zinthu zotchedwa "tendrils" pansi pa mphamvu zochepa komanso zamphamvu. Anatumiza zitsanzo ku kampani yotchedwa AppFive ya precession electron diffraction, njira yapamwamba ya electron crystallography, kuti iwononge njira za kukula pansi pa zochitika zosiyanasiyana.

Kwa zaka zingapo asayansi adziŵa kuti tungsten imagwira ntchito ku madzi a m’magazi mwa kupanga tinthu tating’ono ting’onoting’ono tomwe timakwana mabiliyoni a mita imodzi, kapena kuti nanometers—kapinga kakang’ono kwambiri. Kafukufuku waposachedwa adapeza kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatulutsa timabomba tochepa mphamvu timakula pang'onopang'ono, kowoneka bwino komanso kosalala - kupanga kapeti wothira wa fuzz - kuposa omwe amapangidwa ndi kuukira kwamphamvu kwambiri.

Mu zitsulo, ma atomu amalingalira mwadongosolo makonzedwe okhala ndi mipata yodziwika pakati pawo. Ngati atomu itachotsedwa, malo opanda kanthu, kapena "ntchito," imakhalabe. Ngati ma radiation, ngati mpira wa biliyadi, igwetsa atomu kuchoka pamalo ake ndikusiya malo, atomu imeneyo iyenera kupita kwinakwake. Imadzigwedeza yokha pakati pa maatomu ena mu kristalo, kukhala interstitial.

Kuchita kwanthawi zonse kwa fusion-reactor kumawonetsa chosinthira ku kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa maatomu a helium opanda mphamvu kwambiri. "Helium ion sikugunda mwamphamvu kuti mpira wa biliyadi ukugunda, motero umayenera kulowa mu latisi kuti iyambe kupanga thovu kapena zolakwika zina," Parish adalongosola.

Okhulupirira ngati a Brian Wirth, Wapampando wa Bwanamkubwa wa UT-ORNL, adatengera dongosololi ndikukhulupirira kuti zinthu zomwe zimachotsedwa pamiyala pomwe thovu limapangidwa kukhala midadada yomanga. Maatomu a Helium amayendayenda mozungulira mwachisawawa, Parishi adati. Amakumana ndi ma helium ena ndikulumikizana. Pamapeto pake gululi limakhala lalikulu mokwanira kugwetsa atomu ya tungsten pamalo ake.

"Nthawi zonse kuwirako kukakula kumakankhira maatomu angapo a tungsten kuchoka pamasamba awo, ndipo amayenera kupita kwinakwake. Adzakopeka ndi mawonekedwe, "atero Parish. "Izi, tikukhulupirira, ndiye njira yomwe nanofuzz ​​imapangidwira."

Asayansi owerengera amayesa zoyeserera pamakompyuta apamwamba kuti aphunzire zinthu pamlingo wawo wa atomiki, kapena kukula kwa nanometer ndi masikelo anthawi ya nanosecond. Akatswiri amafufuza momwe zinthu zimapangidwira, kusweka, ndi kuchita mwanjira ina pambuyo pokumana ndi madzi a m'magazi kwa nthawi yayitali, pautali wa masentimita ndi masikelo a nthawi ya ola. "Koma panali sayansi pang'ono pakati," anatero Parishi, amene kuyesera anadzaza mpata chidziwitso ichi kuphunzira zizindikiro zoyamba kuwonongeka zinthu ndi magawo oyambirira a nanotendril kukula.

Ndiye fuzz ndi yabwino kapena yoyipa? "Fuzz ikuyenera kukhala ndi zinthu zowononga komanso zopindulitsa, koma mpaka titadziwa zambiri, sitingathe kupanga zida zoyesera kuchotsa zoyipa ndikuwonjezera zabwino," adatero Parishi. Kumbali inayi, tungsten yosalala imatha kutenga kutentha komwe kungapangitse tungsten wochuluka, ndipo kukokoloka kumakhala kocheperako ka 10 kuposa tungsten wochuluka. Kumbali ya minus, nanotendrils amatha kusweka, kupanga fumbi lomwe limatha kuziziritsa plasma. Cholinga chotsatira cha asayansi ndikuphunzira momwe zinthu zimasinthira komanso momwe zimakhalira zosavuta kuswa nanotendrils kutali.

Othandizana nawo a ORNL adasindikiza kuyesa kwaposachedwa kwa ma electron microscopy komwe kumawunikira machitidwe a tungsten. Kafukufuku wina adawonetsa kuti kukula kwa tendril sikunapitirire muzokonda zilizonse. Kafukufuku wina adawonetsa kuti kuyankhidwa kwa tungsten yoyang'ana ku plasma kupita ku helium atomu flux idachokera ku nanofuzz ​​kokha (pa low flux) kupita ku nanofuzz ​​kuphatikiza thovu (pakuthamanga kwambiri).

Mutu wa pepala lamakono ndi "Morphologies of tungsten nanotendrils omwe amakula pansi pa chiwonetsero cha helium."