Muli chiyani muzinthu zanu? Ambiri aife sitiganizira za zinthu zimene zimapangitsa moyo wamakono kukhala wotheka. Komabe matekinoloje monga mafoni anzeru, magalimoto amagetsi, ma TV akulu akulu komanso kutulutsa mphamvu zobiriwira kumadalira mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamankhwala omwe anthu ambiri sanamvepo. Mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, ambiri ankangoonedwa ngati zokonda chabe - koma tsopano ndizofunikira. M'malo mwake, foni yam'manja ili ndi zinthu zopitilira gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu azinthu zomwe zili patebulo la periodic.

Pamene anthu ambiri akufuna kupeza matekinoloje awa, kufunikira kwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri kukukulirakulira. Koma kuperekedwa kumakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zingapo zandale, zachuma ndi zachilengedwe, kupanga mitengo yosasinthika komanso phindu lalikulu. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ndalama zogulira zitsulo izi zikhale bizinesi yowopsa. M'munsimu muli zitsanzo zochepa chabe za zinthu zomwe takhala tikudalira zomwe zawona kukwera kwamtengo wapatali (ndi zina kugwa) m'zaka zingapo zapitazi.

Kobalt

Cobalt yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka mazana ambiri kupanga magalasi odabwitsa a buluu ndi magalasi a ceramic. Masiku ano ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri mu ma superalloys a injini zamakono za jet, ndi mabatire omwe amalimbitsa mafoni athu ndi magalimoto amagetsi. Kufuna kwa magalimotowa kwawonjezeka mofulumira m'zaka zingapo zapitazi, ndi kulembetsa padziko lonse lapansi kupitirira katatu kuchokera ku 200,000 mu 2013 mpaka 750,000 mu 2016. Malonda a foni yamakono adakweranso - kupitirira 1.5 biliyoni mu 2017 - ngakhale kuti yoyamba kudumphira pamapeto pake. ya chaka mwina zikuwonetsa kuti misika ina tsopano yadzaza.

Pamodzi ndi zofuna zamafakitale azikhalidwe, izi zidathandizira kukweza mitengo ya cobalt kuchoka pa £15 pa kilogalamu kufika pafupifupi £70 pa kilogalamu mzaka zitatu zapitazi. M'mbiri Africa ndi gwero lalikulu la mchere wa cobalt koma kukwera kwa kufunikira ndi nkhawa zokhudzana ndi chitetezo choperekedwa kumatanthauza kuti migodi yatsopano ikutsegulidwa m'madera ena monga US. Koma fanizo la kusakhazikika kwa msika, kuchuluka kwa kupanga kwapangitsa mitengo kugwa ndi 30% m'miyezi yaposachedwa.

Zosowa zapadziko lapansi

“Dziko lapansi losowa” ndi gulu la zinthu 17. Ngakhale dzina lawo, tsopano tikudziwa kuti iwo sali osowa, ndipo nthawi zambiri amapezeka ngati migodi yachitsulo, titaniyamu kapena uranium. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kupanga kwawo kwalamulidwa ndi China, yomwe yapereka zoposa 95% zapadziko lonse lapansi.

Dziko lapansi losawerengeka limagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto amagetsi ndi ma turbines amphepo, pomwe zinthu ziwiri, neodymium ndi praseodymium, ndizofunikira kwambiri popanga maginito amphamvu mumagetsi amagetsi ndi ma jenereta. Maginito otere amapezekanso m'ma speaker onse a foni ndi maikolofoni.

Mitengo yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yapadziko lapansi imasiyanasiyana ndipo imasinthasintha kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, motsogozedwa ndi kukula kwa magalimoto amagetsi ndi mphamvu ya mphepo, mitengo ya neodymium oxide inafika kumapeto kwa 2017 pa £ 93 kilogalamu, kawiri pamtengo wapakati pa 2016, isanabwerere ku milingo yozungulira 40% kuposa 2016. Kusakhazikika kotereku ndi kusatetezeka kwa Kupereka kumatanthauza kuti mayiko ambiri akuyang'ana kuti apeze magwero awo a nthaka yosowa kapena kusiyanitsa zinthu zawo kutali ndi China.

Galliyamu

Galliyamu ndi chinthu chachilendo. Mu mawonekedwe ake achitsulo, amatha kusungunuka pa tsiku lotentha (pamwamba pa 30 ° C). Koma ikaphatikizidwa ndi arsenic kupanga gallium arsenide, imapanga semiconductor yamphamvu yothamanga kwambiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito muzamagetsi yaying'ono yomwe imapangitsa mafoni athu kukhala anzeru kwambiri. Ndi nayitrogeni (gallium nitride), imagwiritsidwa ntchito powunikira mphamvu zochepa (ma LED) okhala ndi mtundu woyenera (ma LED anali ofiira kapena obiriwira pamaso pa gallium nitride). Apanso, gallium imapangidwa makamaka ngati migodi yazitsulo zina, makamaka zachitsulo ndi zinki, koma mosiyana ndi zitsulo zimenezo mtengo wake wawonjezeka kuwirikiza kawiri kuyambira 2016 kufika pa £315 pa kilogalamu mu May 2018.

Indium

Indium ndi imodzi mwazinthu zachitsulo zomwe sizipezeka padziko lapansi koma mumangoyang'ana tsiku ndi tsiku popeza zowonera zonse zathyathyathya ndi zogwira zimadalira wosanjikiza woonda kwambiri wa indium tin oxide. Chinthuchi chimapezeka makamaka ngati migodi ya zinki ndipo mutha kungopeza gramu imodzi ya indium kuchokera ku matani 1,000 a ore.

Ngakhale ndizosowa, akadali gawo lofunikira pazida zamagetsi chifukwa pakadali pano palibe njira zina zopangira zowonera. Komabe, asayansi akuyembekeza kuti kaboni wamitundu iwiri wotchedwa graphene ungapereke yankho. Pambuyo pa kuviika kwakukulu mu 2015, mtengowo tsopano wakwera ndi 50% pamiyezo ya 2016-17 kufika pa £ 350 pa kilogalamu, yoyendetsedwa makamaka ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake muzithunzithunzi zathyathyathya.

Tungsten

Tungstenndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zolemera kwambiri, zowirikiza kawiri kuposa chitsulo. Tinkadalira kuti tiziunikira nyumba zathu, pamene mababu akale a incandescent ankagwiritsa ntchitowoonda tungsten filament. Koma ngakhale njira zowunikira zochepetsera mphamvu zonse zathatungstenmababu, ambiri aife tidzagwiritsabe ntchito tungsten tsiku lililonse. Pamodzi ndicobalt ndi neodymium, ndizomwe zimapangitsa mafoni athu kunjenjemera. Zinthu zitatuzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono koma zolemetsa zomwe zimazunguliridwa ndi mota mkati mwa mafoni athu kuti apange kugwedezeka.

TungstenKuphatikizidwa ndi kaboni kumapanganso ceramic yolimba kwambiri yodulira zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zachitsulo muzamlengalenga, chitetezo ndi mafakitale amagalimoto. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo osagwirizana ndi mafuta ndi gasi, migodi ndi makina otopetsa. Tungsten amapitanso kupanga zitsulo zogwira ntchito kwambiri.

Tungstenore ndi imodzi mwa migodi yochepa yomwe ikukumbidwa kumene ku UK, ndi mgodi wa tungsten-tin ore womwe uli pafupi ndi Plymouth udzatsegulidwanso mu 2014. Mgodiwu wakhala ukuvutika ndi zachuma chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwamitengo yamtengo wapatali padziko lonse lapansi. Mitengo idatsika kuchokera mu 2014 mpaka 2016 koma idabwereranso koyambirira kwa 2014 zomwe zikupereka chiyembekezo chamtsogolo mwamgodi.