Nọmba atọm	41
Nọmba CAS	7440-03-1
Atọmk uka	92.91
Ebe mgbaze	2 468 Celsius C
Ebe esi nri	4900 Celsius C
Atomiki olu	0.0180 nm3
Njupụta na 20 Celsius C	8.55g/cm³
Ọdịdị kristal	cubic nke dabere n'ahụ
Lattice na-adịgide adịgide	0.3294 [nm]
Uba n'ime ụwa	20.0 [g/t]
Ọsọ ụda	3480 m/s (na rt) (mkpara dị mkpa)
Mgbasa ọkụ ọkụ	7.3µm/(m·K) (na 25 Celsius)
Thermal conductivity	53.7W/ (m·K)
Eletriki resistivity	152 nΩ·m (na 20 Celsius)
Mohs isi ike	6.0
Vickers isi ike	870-1320Mpa
Brinell siri ike	1735-2450Mpa

Niobium, nke a na-akpọbu columbium, bụ ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nwere akara Nb (nke bụbu Cb) na nọmba atomiki 41. Ọ bụ ihe dị nro, isi awọ, crystalline, metal mgbanwe ductile, nke a na-ahụkarị na mineral pyrochlore na columbite, yabụ aha mbụ " Columbus". Aha ya sitere na akụkọ ifo ndị Gris, ọkachasị Niobe, onye bụ ada Tantalus, aha tantalum. Aha ahụ na-egosipụta nnukwu myirịta dị n'etiti ihe abụọ ahụ na njirimara anụ ahụ na kemịkal ha, na-eme ka ha sie ike ịmata.

Onye England chemist Charles Hatchett kọrọ ihe ọhụrụ yiri tantalum na 1801 wee kpọọ ya Columbus. Na 1809, onye England chemist William Hyde Wollaston kwubiri n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi na tantalum na columbium bụ otu. Onye German chemist Heinrich Rose kpebiri na 1846 na tantalum ores nwere ihe nke abụọ, nke ọ kpọrọ niobium. Na 1864 na 1865, usoro nchọpụta sayensị mere ka o doo anya na niobium na columbium bụ otu ihe (dị ka e si dị iche na tantalum), na ruo otu narị afọ ka e ji aha abụọ ahụ mee ihe. A nabatara Niobium dị ka aha nke mmewere na 1949, mana aha columbium ka na-eji ugbu a na metallurgy na United States.

Ọ bụ na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 ka e ji niobium mee ihe na mbụ. Brazil bụ onye na-ebute ụzọ nke niobium na ferroniobium, alloy nke 60-70% niobium nwere ígwè. A na-ejikarị Niobium eme ihe na alloys, akụkụ kachasị na nchara pụrụ iche dị ka nke a na-eji na pipeline gas. Ọ bụ ezie na alloys ndị a nwere oke 0.1%, obere pasent nke niobium na-eme ka ike nke ígwè dịkwuo elu. Nkwụsi ike ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke niobium nwere superalloys dị mkpa maka iji ya na igwe jet na rọketi.

A na-eji Niobium eme ihe dị iche iche na-emepụta ihe. Alloys ndị a na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nwekwara titanium na tin, bụ nke a na-eji n'ọtụtụ ebe na nnukwu ihe ndọta nke nyocha MRI. Ngwa ndị ọzọ nke niobium gụnyere ịgbado ọkụ, ụlọ ọrụ nuklia, ngwa eletrọnịkị, optics, numismatics, na ọla. N'ime ngwa abụọ ikpeazụ, obere toxicity na iridescence na-emepụta site na anodization bụ ihe ndị a na-achọsi ike. A na-ewere Niobium dị ka ihe dị mkpa na teknụzụ.

Njirimara anụ ahụ

Niobium bụ lustrous, isi awọ, ductile, paramagnetic metal na otu 5 nke oge table (lee tebụl), na ihe eletrọn nhazi na outermost shells atypical maka otu 5. (Nke a nwere ike hụrụ na agbata obi ruthenium (44), rhodium (45), na palladium (46).

Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eche na ọ nwere ihe owuwu kristal dị n'etiti ahụ site na efu zuru oke ruo n'ebe agbaze ya, nleba anya dị elu nke mgbasawanye ọkụ n'akụkụ axes crystallographic atọ na-ekpughe anisotropies bụ ndị na-ekwekọghị na nhazi cubic.[28]. Ya mere, a na-atụ anya nyocha ọzọ na nchọpụta na mpaghara a.

Niobium na-aghọ superconductor na okpomọkụ cryogenic. Na nrụgide ikuku, ọ nwere okpomọkụ dị oke egwu nke elemental superconductors na 9.2 K. Niobium nwere omimi ntinye magnetik kachasị nke ihe ọ bụla. Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụ otu n'ime elemental atọ ụdị II superconductors, yana vanadium na technetium. Ngwongwo kachasị mma na-adabere na ịdị ọcha nke metal niobium.

Mgbe ọ dị ọcha nke ukwuu, ọ na-atụnyere nro na ductile, mana adịghị ọcha na-eme ka ọ sie ike karị.

The metal nwere obere njide cross-ngalaba maka thermal neutrons; ya mere, a na-eji ya na ụlọ ọrụ nuklia ebe a na-achọ nhazi transperent neutron.

Njirimara kemịkalụ

Ígwè ahụ na-enwe ọnyà na-acha anụnụ anụnụ mgbe ekpughere ya na ikuku n'ime ụlọ ruo ogologo oge. N'agbanyeghị ebe mgbaze dị elu n'ụdị elemental (2,468 Celsius C), ọ nwere njupụta dị ala karịa ọla ndị ọzọ na-emegharị ahụ. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-eguzogide corrosion, na-egosipụta ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, na-emepụta akwa dielectric oxide.

Niobium dị ntakịrị obere electropositive na kọmpat karịa onye bu ya ụzọ na tebụl oge, zirconium, ebe ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nha nha na atom tantalum dị arọ karị, n'ihi nkwụsị nke lanthanide. N'ihi ya, kemịkalụ niobium dị nnọọ ka nke tantalum, nke pụtara ozugbo n'okpuru niobium na tebụl oge. Ọ bụ ezie na nguzogide corrosion ya abụghị ihe pụtara ìhè dị ka nke tantalum, ọnụ ala dị ala na nnweta dị ukwuu na-eme ka niobium mara mma maka ngwa ndị na-adịghị achọ ihe, dị ka vat linings na osisi kemịkal.