ka hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe e kuhikuhi ana i ka molybdenum pine no ka hoʻoheheʻe kila
ʻIke ʻia kekahi mau mea no ko lākou mau wahi heheʻe kiʻekiʻe, kahi e waiwai ai lākou no nā ʻano hana ʻenehana, ʻepekema, a me ka ʻenehana. ʻO kekahi mau mea me nā helu heheʻe kiʻekiʻe loa:
1. Tungsten: Loaʻa i ka Tungsten ka helu heheʻe kiʻekiʻe loa o nā metala āpau, ma kahi o 3,422 degere Celsius (6,192 degere Fahrenheit). ʻO kēia mea hoʻoheheʻe kūikawā he mea waiwai nui ka tungsten i nā noi wela kiʻekiʻe e like me ka ʻoihana aerospace, nā pilina uila a me nā umu wela wela.
2. Rhenium: ʻO ka Rhenium ke kolu o ka helu heheʻe kiʻekiʻe loa o nā mea a pau, ma kahi o 3,180 degere Celsius (5,756 degere Fahrenheit). ʻO ka helu heheʻe kiʻekiʻe o Rhenium a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu a me ka corrosion e ʻae ia e hoʻohana ʻia i nā noi wela kiʻekiʻe, me nā superalloys no nā aerospace a me nā ʻenekini turbine gas.
3. Osmium: He wahi hehee ko Osmium ma kahi o 3,033 degere Celsius (5,491 degere Fahrenheit), e lilo ia i kekahi o na mea me ka helu hehee kiekie loa. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Osmium i kekahi mau mea wela wela a me nā noi kūikawā e koi ana i ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe loa a me ke kūpaʻa corrosion.
4. Tantalum: He wahi hehee kiʻekiʻe ko Tantalum ma kahi o 3,020 degere Celsius (5,468 degere Fahrenheit). ʻO ka helu heheʻe kiʻekiʻe o Tantalum a me ke kūpaʻa corrosion maikaʻi loa i mea waiwai i nā mea hana kemika, nā ʻāpana umu wela wela, a me nā mea uila.
5. Molybdenum: He wahi hehee kiʻekiʻe ka Molybdenum, ma kahi o 2,623 degere Celsius (4,753 degere Fahrenheit). ʻO ka helu hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe o Molybdenum a me kāna conductivity thermal maikaʻi loa a me ka ikaika i nā wela kiʻekiʻe he mea waiwai ia no nā ʻano hana wela kiʻekiʻe, me ka aerospace, pale a me nā kaʻina hana ʻoihana.
Kuhi ʻia kēia mau mea no ko lākou mau wahi hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe, kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke mālama i ka kūpaʻa a me ka hana ʻana i nā mahana wela. ʻO kā lākou mau waiwai kūʻokoʻa he mea koʻikoʻi lākou no nā noi kahi e kau ai ka mea i ka wela kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaumaha wela.
Hoʻopili ʻia ka helu hoʻoheheʻe o kekahi mea e nā ʻano mea like ʻole, e like me nā ikaika intermolecular, ke ʻano molekala, a me ke kaomi o waho. Eia kekahi mau kumu nui e pili ana i ka helu hehee o kekahi mea.
1. Ka ikaika intermolecular: ʻO ka ikaika o ka ikaika intermolecular ma waena o nā molekala he mana nui i ka helu heheʻe. ʻO nā mea me nā pūʻali molekala ikaika, e like me ka ionic a i ʻole ka covalent bond, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā helu heheʻe. No ka laʻana, loaʻa nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ka ikaika o nā pūhui ionic.
2. ʻO ka nui a me ke ʻano molekala: ʻO ka nui a me ke ʻano o ka mole e pili ana i ka helu heheʻe. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā molekala nui me nā hale paʻakikī, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā helu heheʻe ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka ʻili a me nā pilina intermolecular ikaika. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā molekala spherical hiki ke loaʻa nā wahi heheʻe haʻahaʻa.
3. Polarity: Loaʻa i nā molekele polar ka puʻunaue like ʻole a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā helu heheʻe ma mua o nā molekala non-polar. ʻO kēia ke kumu no ka hōʻike ʻana o nā molekala polar i nā hiʻohiʻona intermolecular ikaika, e like me ka pilina dipole-dipole a me ka hoʻopaʻa hydrogen.
4. Ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia: ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā ʻāpana i loko o ka lattice aniani paʻa e pili ana i ka helu heheʻe. ʻO nā mea me nā hale aniani i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia a hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā helu heheʻe ma mua o nā mea me nā hale liʻiliʻi.
5. Paʻi: I kekahi mau hihia, pili ka helu heheʻe o kahi mea i ka kaomi o waho. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kaomi ke hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ka helu heheʻe o kekahi mau mea, ʻoi aku ka poʻe e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano maʻamau i nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe.
6. Nā haumia: ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā haumia i loko o kahi mea e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kona wahi heheʻe. Hoʻopilikia nā mea haumia i ke ʻano lattice maʻamau, e maʻalahi ai ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea mai ka paʻa i ka wai.
7. Hoʻohui Isotope: ʻO ka haku mele isotope, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka haku mele isotopic o nā mea, hiki ke hoʻopili i ka helu heheʻe. Hiki i nā isotopes me nā nui atomika ʻokoʻa ke hōʻike i nā wahi heheʻe ʻokoʻa iki ma muli o kā lākou mau pilina atomika like ʻole.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau mea i ka wānana a me ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano heheʻe o nā mea like ʻole. Ma ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka pilina o kēia mau mea, hiki i nā ʻepekema a me nā ʻenekinia ke loaʻa ka ʻike i nā waiwai kino o nā mea a me ke ʻano o ko lākou ʻano ma lalo o nā kūlana like ʻole.
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