ʻO Niobium, i kapa mua ʻia ʻo columbium, he mea kemika me ka hōʻailona Nb (Cb ma mua) a me ka helu atomic 41. He mea palupalu, hina, crystalline, ductile transition metala, loaʻa pinepine i nā minerala pyrochlore a me columbite, no laila ka inoa mua " columbium". ʻO kona inoa mai ka moʻolelo mele Helene, ʻo Niobe, ke kaikamahine a Tantalus, ka inoa o ka tantalum. Hōʻike ka inoa i ka like nui ma waena o nā mea ʻelua i ko lākou mau waiwai kino a me nā mea kemika, e paʻakikī iā lākou ke ʻike.

Ua hōʻike ʻia e ka loea Pelekane ʻo Charles Hatchett i kahi mea hou e like me tantalum i ka makahiki 1801 a kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo columbium. I ka makahiki 1809, ua hoʻoholo hewa ʻo William Hyde Wollaston ka mea hoʻokalakupua Pelekania he ʻano like ka tantalum a me ka columbium. Ua hoʻoholo ka mea kālai lāʻau Kelemania ʻo Heinrich Rose i ka makahiki 1846 i ka lua o nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo niobium. I ka makahiki 1864 a me 1865, ua ho'ākāka 'ia kekahi mau 'ike 'epekema 'o ka niobium a me ka columbium ka mea like (e like me ka 'oko'a mai ka tantalum), a no ho'okahi haneli ua ho'ohana 'ia nā inoa 'elua. Ua ʻae ʻia ʻo Niobium ma ke ʻano he inoa o ka mea i ka makahiki 1949, akā mau ka inoa columbium i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka metallurgy ma United States.

ʻAʻole hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20 i hoʻohana mua ʻia ka niobium ma ke kālepa. ʻO Brazil ka mea hana nui o ka niobium a me ka ferroniobium, kahi huila o 60-70% niobium me ka hao. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Niobium i nā ʻāpana, ʻo ka hapa nui loa i ke kila kūikawā e like me ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia i nā pipeline gas. ʻOiai he 0.1% ka nui o kēia mau ala, ʻo ka hapa liʻiliʻi o ka niobium e hoʻonui i ka ikaika o ke kila. He mea nui ka paʻa wela o nā superalloys i loko o ka niobium no kona hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenekini jet a me rocket.

Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Niobium i nā mea superconducting like ʻole. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana superconducting, i loaʻa pū kekahi titanium a me ka tin, i nā magnet superconducting o nā mea nānā MRI. ʻO nā noi ʻē aʻe o ka niobium e pili ana i ka wiliwili, nā ʻoihana nuklea, nā uila, optics, numismatics, a me nā mea nani. I nā noi ʻelua hope loa, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka iridescence i hana ʻia e ka anodization he waiwai makemake nui ia. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Niobium he mea koʻikoʻi ʻenehana.

Nā ʻano kino

ʻO ka Niobium he mea ʻulaʻula, hina, ductile, paramagnetic metala ma ka hui 5 o ka papaʻaina manawa (e ʻike i ka papa), me kahi hoʻonohonoho electron ma nā pūpū o waho atypical no ka hui 5. (Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia ma ke kaiāulu o ruthenium (44), rhodium (45), a me ka palladium (46).

ʻOiai ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻano aniani cubic i hoʻokumu ʻia i ke kino mai ka ʻole ʻole a hiki i kona helu heheʻe, ʻo nā ana hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻonui wela ma nā koʻi crystallographic ʻekolu e hōʻike ana i nā anisotropies i kūlike ʻole me kahi ʻano cubic.[28] No laila, manaʻo ʻia ka noiʻi hou a me ka ʻike ʻana ma kēia wahi.

Lilo ʻo Niobium i superconductor ma nā mahana cryogenic. Ma ke kaomi lewa, loaʻa iā ia ka wela koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe loa o nā superconductors elemental ma 9.2 K. Loaʻa iā Niobium ka hohonu hohonu o ke komo ʻana o nā mea. Eia kekahi, ʻo ia kekahi o nā superconductors Type II ʻekolu, me ka vanadium a me ka technetium. ʻO nā waiwai superconductive e hilinaʻi nui i ka maʻemaʻe o ka metala niobium.

Ke maʻemaʻe loa, ʻano palupalu a ductile, akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā haumia.

Loaʻa i ka metala kahi ʻāpana hopu haʻahaʻa no nā neutron thermal; no laila ua hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā ʻoihana nuklea kahi e makemake ʻia ai nā hale ʻike neutron.

Nā hiʻohiʻona kemika

He ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ka metala ke ʻike ʻia i ka ea ma ka lumi wela no nā manawa lōʻihi. ʻOiai he wahi hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe ma ke ʻano elemental (2,468 °C), he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kona ma mua o nā metala refractory ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, he corrosion-resistant, hōʻike i nā waiwai superconductivity, a hana i nā papa dielectric oxide.

ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka Niobium i ka electropositive a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o ka mea i hana mua ʻia ma ka papa periodic, zirconium, ʻoiai ua ʻano like ka nui me nā ʻātoma tantalum kaumaha, ma muli o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka lanthanide. ʻO ka hopena, ua like loa nā waiwai kemika o ka niobium me nā mea no ka tantalum, i ʻike ʻia ma lalo pono o ka niobium i ka papaʻaina. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kona pale ʻana i ka corrosion e like me ka tantalum, ʻo ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa a me ka loaʻa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka niobium no nā noi liʻiliʻi, e like me nā linings vat i nā mea kanu kemika.