ʻO Tungsten ka helu heheʻe kiʻekiʻe loa o nā metala āpau. ʻO kona wahi hehee he 3,422 degere Celsius (6,192 degere Fahrenheit). Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka helu heheʻe kiʻekiʻe o Tungsten i kekahi mau kumu nui:

1. Hoʻopaʻa metala ikaika: Hoʻokumu nā ʻātoma Tungsten i nā mea paʻa metala ikaika me kekahi, e hana ana i kahi hoʻolālā lattice paʻa loa. ʻO kēia mau mea paʻa metala ikaika e koi i ka nui o ka ikehu e wāwahi, e hopena i ka helu heheʻe kiʻekiʻe o tungsten.

2. Electronic configuration: He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻonohonoho uila o ka tungsten i kona wahi heheʻe kiʻekiʻe. Loaʻa iā Tungsten he 74 mau electrons i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o kāna mau orbital atomic a loaʻa kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka delocalization electron, ka hopena i ka hoʻopaʻa metala ikaika a me ka ikehu cohesive kiʻekiʻe.

3. Kiʻekiʻe atomic nuipa: Tungsten he 'ano kiʻekiʻe atomic nuipa, e kokua i kona ikaika interatomic pilina. ʻO ka nui o nā ʻātoma tungsten ka hopena i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka inertia a me ka paʻa i loko o ka lattice crystal, e koi ana i ka nui o ka hoʻokomo ikehu e hoʻopau i ka hale.

4. Nā waiwai refractory: Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Tungsten ma ke ʻano he metala refractory a ʻike ʻia no kona kūpaʻa wela maikaʻi loa a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana. ʻO kona wahi hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe he hiʻohiʻona wehewehe o nā metala refractory, e lilo ia i mea waiwai no nā noi ma nā wahi wela kiʻekiʻe.

5. Hoʻokumu Crystal: ʻO ka Tungsten kahi kino-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure ma ka lumi wela, e kōkua ana i kona helu heheʻe kiʻekiʻe. Hāʻawi ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā mana i loko o ka hale BCC i nā pilina interatomic ikaika, e hoʻonui ana i ka hiki o ka mea ke kū i nā wela kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO Tungsten ka helu hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe loa o nā metala āpau ma muli o kona hui pū ʻana o nā paʻa metala ikaika, hoʻonohonoho electron, atomic mass, a me ke ʻano aniani. Hana kēia waiwai kūikawā i ka tungsten i mea nui no nā noi e koi ana i ka waiwai e mālama i kona kūpaʻa ʻana i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe loa, e like me ka aerospace, nā pili uila a me nā mea wela wela.

Loaʻa i ka Molybdenum kahi kino-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure ma ka lumi wela. Ma kēia hoʻonohonoho ʻana, aia nā ʻātoma molybdenum ma nā kihi a me ke kikowaena o ka cube, e hana ana i kahi hoʻolālā lattice paʻa loa a paʻa paʻa. ʻO ka molybdenum's BCC crystal structure e kōkua i ka hoʻonui ʻana i kona ikaika, ductility a me ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe, e lilo ia i mea waiwai no nā ʻano hana ʻoihana like ʻole, me ka aerospace, nā umu wela wela a me nā mea hana e kū nei i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi.