ʻO ka Sapphire kahi mea paʻakikī, ʻaʻahu a ikaika me ka wela hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻohe kemika ākea, a hōʻike ia i nā waiwai optical hoihoi. No laila, hoʻohana ʻia ka sapphire no nā noi ʻenehana he nui kahi o ka optics a me ka uila nā ʻoihana nui. I kēia lā, hoʻohana ʻia ka hapa nui o ka sapphire ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he substrate no ka hana LED a me ka semiconductor, a ukali ʻia e ka hoʻohana ʻana e like me nā puka makani no nā wati, nā ʻāpana kelepona kelepona a i ʻole nā ​​​​hōʻailona bar code, e inoa i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona [1]. I kēia lā, loaʻa nā ʻano hana like ʻole e ulu ai i ka sapphire single crystals, hiki ke loaʻa kahi ʻike maikaʻi e laʻa ma [1, 2]. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā ʻano hana ʻekolu e ulu ana ʻo Kyropoulos process (KY), heat-exchange method (HEM) a me edged-defined film-fed growth (EFG) i ʻoi aku ma mua o 90% o nā mana hana sapphire honua.

Ua hana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo mua no kahi aniani i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 1877 no nā kristal ruby ​​liʻiliʻi [2]. I ka makahiki 1926, ua hana ʻia ke kaʻina hana Kyropoulos. Hoʻohana ia i loko o ka hakahaka a hiki ke hana i nā boule ʻano cylindrical nui o ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe loa. ʻO kekahi ʻano hana ulu sapphire hoihoi ʻo ia ka ulu ʻana o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni i wehewehe ʻia. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻenehana EFG ma ke kahawai capillary i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka hoʻoheheʻe wai a hiki ke ulu i nā kristal sapphire e like me nā koʻokoʻo, nā paipu a i ʻole nā ​​​​pepa (i kapa ʻia ʻo ribbons). ʻOkoʻa i kēia mau ʻano hana hoʻololi wela, i hānau ʻia i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1960, hiki ke ulu i nā boules sapphire nui i loko o kahi kīʻaha wili i ke ʻano o ka crucible ma o ka unuhi ʻana o ka wela mai lalo. No ka mea e pili ana ka sapphire boule i ka crucible ma ka pau ana o ka ulu ana, hiki i na boule ke poha i ke ka'ina hooluolu a hiki ke hoohana ia ka crucible i hookahi wale no.
ʻO kekahi o kēia mau ʻenehana e ulu ana i ka sapphire crystal e like me nā mea koʻikoʻi - ʻoi aku ka crucibles - e koi ana i nā metala refractory kiʻekiʻe. Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana, ua hana ʻia nā crucibles me ka molybdenum a i ʻole tungsten, akā hoʻohana nui ʻia nā metala no nā mea hoʻomehana kūpaʻa, nā pahu make a me nā pale pale wela [1]. Eia nō naʻe, ma kēia pepa ke kau nei mākou i kā mākou kūkākūkā ma nā kumuhana pili KY a me EFG no ka mea ua hoʻohana ʻia nā crucibles pressed-sintered i kēia mau kaʻina hana.
I loko o kēia hōʻike, hōʻike mākou i nā haʻawina a me nā noiʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka ʻili o nā mea i kaomi ʻia-sintered e like me ka molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W) a me kāna mau ala (MoW). Ma ka ʻāpana mua e pili ana kā mākou manaʻo i ka ʻikepili mechanical wela a me ka ductile i ka brittle transition temperature. Hoʻohui i nā waiwai mechanical ua aʻo mākou i nā waiwai thermo-physical, ʻo ia hoʻi ka coefficient o ka hoʻonui wela a me ka conductivity thermal. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻelua, hōʻike mākou i nā haʻawina e pili ana i kahi ʻenehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe i luna e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūʻē ʻana o nā crucibles i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka hoʻoheheʻe alumina. Ma ka ʻāpana ʻekolu, hōʻike mākou i nā ana o ka pulu ʻana o ka alumina wai ma nā metala refractory ma 2100 °C. Ua hana mākou i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma Mo, W a me MoW25 alloy (75 wt.% molybdenum, 25 wt.% tungsten) a aʻo i nā hilinaʻi ma nā kūlana lewa like ʻole. Ma muli o kā mākou noiʻi noiʻi ʻana mākou i ka MoW ma ke ʻano he mea hoihoi i nā ʻenehana ulu sapphire a ma ke ʻano he mea hiki ke koho i ka molybdenum maʻemaʻe a me ka tungsten.
Nā waiwai mechanical a me thermo-physical kiʻekiʻe
Hoʻohana maʻalahi nā ʻano hana ulu kristal sapphire KY a me EFG no ka ʻoi aku ma mua o 85% o ka mahele nui o ka sapphire honua. Ma nā ʻano ʻelua, hoʻokomo ʻia ka alumina wai i loko o nā crucibles paʻi-sintered, maʻamau i hana ʻia me ka tungsten no ke kaʻina hana KY a i hana ʻia me ka molybdenum no ka hana EFG. ʻO Crucibles nā ʻāpana ʻōnaehana koʻikoʻi no kēia mau kaʻina ulu. Ke manaʻo nei e hoʻemi paha i nā kumukūʻai o nā kīʻaha tungsten ma ke kaʻina hana KY a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ola o nā crucibles molybdenum i ke kaʻina EFG, ua hana mākou a hoʻāʻo hou i ʻelua mau ʻāpana MoW, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo MoW30 he 70 wt.% Mo a me 30 wt. % W a me MoW50 nona ka 50 wt.% Mo a me W pakahi.
No nā haʻawina hoʻonaʻauao waiwai a pau, ua hana mākou i nā ingots kaomi-sintered o Mo, MoW30, MoW50 a me W. Hōʻike ka Papa I i nā density a me ka nui o ka palaoa awelika e pili ana i nā mokuʻāina mua.

Papa I: Ka hōʻuluʻulu o nā mea paʻi-sintered i hoʻohana ʻia no ke ana ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical a thermo-physical. Hōʻike ka papa ʻaina i ka nui a me ka nui o ka nui o nā ʻano mua o nā mea

No ka lōʻihi o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā crucibles i nā wela kiʻekiʻe, ua hana mākou i nā hoʻāʻo tensile elaborate ma nā pae wela kiʻekiʻe ma waena o 1000 °C a me 2100 °C. Hōʻuluʻulu ka Kiʻi 1 i kēia mau hopena no Mo, MoW30, a me MoW50 kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai ka 0.2 % ikaika hua (Rp0.2) a me ka elongation i ka haki (A). No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, hōʻike ʻia kahi kiko ʻikepili o kaomi-sintered W ma 2100 °C.
No ka tungsten paʻa paʻa maikaʻi i ka molybdenum e manaʻo ʻia e hoʻonui ʻia ka Rp0.2 e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea Mo maʻemaʻe. No nā mahana a hiki i 1800 °C, hōʻike nā huila ʻelua MoW ma ka liʻiliʻi he 2 manawa kiʻekiʻe Rp0.2 ma mua o Mo, e nānā i ke Kiʻi 1(a). No nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, ʻo MoW50 wale nō ka mea i hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia he Rp0.2. Paʻi-sintered W hōʻike kiʻekiʻe Rp0.2 ma 2100 °C. Hōʻike pū nā hoʻāʻo tensile iā A e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 1(b). Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana MoW ʻelua i ka elongation like loa me nā waiwai haʻihaʻi ʻo ia ka hapalua o nā waiwai o Mo. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe A o ka tungsten ma 2100 °C pono e hoʻokumu ʻia e kona ʻano ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e like me Mo.
No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ductile i ka brittle transition temperature (DBTT) o nā molybdenum tungsten alloys i kaomi ʻia, ua hana ʻia nā ana ʻana ma ka kihi kulou ma nā ʻano wela hoʻāʻo. Hōʻikeʻia nā hopena ma ke kiʻi 2. Hoʻonui ka DBTT me ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka tungsten content. ʻOiai ka haʻahaʻa o ka DBTT o Mo ma kahi o 250 °C, hōʻike nā alloys MoW30 a me MoW50 i kahi DBTT ma kahi o 450 °C a me 550 °C.

Hoʻohui ʻia i ka ʻano mechanical ua aʻo pū mākou i nā waiwai thermo-physical. Ua ana ʻia ka coefficient o ka hoʻonui wela (CTE) ma kahi dilatometer pana-rod [3] ma kahi ʻano wela a hiki i 1600 °C me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka specimen me Ø5 mm a me 25 mm lōʻihi. Hōʻike ʻia nā ana CTE ma ke Kiʻi 3. Hōʻike nā mea a pau i kahi hilinaʻi like loa o ka CTE me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana. ʻO nā kumukūʻai CTE no nā huila MoW30 a me MoW50 aia ma waena o nā kumukūʻai o Mo a me W. No ka mea, ʻo ke koena porosity o nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he discotiguous a me nā pores liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ua like ka CTE i loaʻa me nā mea kiʻekiʻe e like me ka pepa a me lāʻau [4].
Ua loaʻa ka conductivity thermal o nā mea paʻi-sintered ma ke ana ʻana i ka diffusivity thermal a me ka wela kikoʻī o ka specimen me Ø12.7 mm a me 3.5 mm mānoanoa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ala uila laser [5, 6]. No nā mea isotropic, e like me nā mea paʻi-sintered, hiki ke ana ʻia ka wela kikoʻī me ke ʻano like. Ua lawe ʻia nā ana ma ka pae wela ma waena o 25 °C a me 1000 °C. No ka helu ʻana i ka conductivity wela, ua hoʻohana mākou i nā densities waiwai e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa I a e manaʻo i nā densities kūʻokoʻa wela. Hōʻike ka Helu 4 i ka hopena o ka hoʻoili wela no Mo, MoW30, MoW50 a me W.

ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā alloys MoW ma mua o 100 W/mK no nā mahana āpau i noiʻi ʻia a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi e like me ka molybdenum maʻemaʻe a me ka tungsten. Eia hou, ua emi ka conductivities o Mo a me W me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana aʻo ka conductivity o ka alloy MoW e hōʻike ana i ka piʻi ʻana o nā waiwai me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana.
ʻAʻole i noiʻi ʻia ke kumu o kēia ʻokoʻa ma kēia hana a e lilo ia i ʻāpana o nā noiʻi e hiki mai ana. Ua ʻike ʻia no nā metala ʻo ka hapa nui o ka conductivity thermal i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ʻo ka hāʻawi phonon aʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kinoea electron e hoʻomalu i ka conductivity thermal [7]. Hoʻopilikia ʻia nā phonon e nā hemahema a me nā hemahema. Eia naʻe, ʻike ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o ka wela wela i ka pae wela haʻahaʻa ʻaʻole wale no nā huila MoW akā no nā mea hoʻonā paʻa ʻē aʻe e like me ka tungsten-rhenium [8], kahi e hana nui ai ka hāʻawi electron.
Hōʻike ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical a thermo-physical he mea hoihoi ka MoW no nā noi sapphire. No nā wela kiʻekiʻe> 2000 °C ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hua ma mua o ka molybdenum a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o nā crucibles. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka palupalu o ka mea a pono e hoʻoponopono ʻia ka mīkini a me ka lawelawe ʻana. ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka MoW i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 4 e hōʻike ana he pono paha nā ʻāpana wela a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa o ka umu ulu. ʻOi aku ma ka pae wela, kahi e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ai ka alumina i loko o ka crucible, lawe ʻia ka wela e ka crucible i kāna mea hoʻopiha maka. Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka MoW i mea e pale aku ai i ke koʻikoʻi wela nui i loko o ka pahu. He mea hoihoi ka laula o na koina CTE o na huila MoW ma ke ano o ke ano ulu aniani HEM. E like me ka mea i kūkākūkā ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo [9] ʻo ka CTE o Mo ke kumu o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka sapphire i ka manawa anuanu. No laila, ʻo ka CTE i hoʻemi ʻia o ka alloy MoW ke kī nui e ʻike ai i nā crucibles wili hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia no ke kaʻina HEM.
ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka ʻili o nā metala refractory paʻi-sintered
E like me ka mea i kūkākūkā ʻia ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā crucibles kaomi-sintered i nā kaʻina ulu kristal sapphire e wela ai a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka alumina ma luna o 2050 °C. ʻO kekahi koi koʻikoʻi no ka maikaʻi o ke aniani sapphire hope loa, ʻo ia ka mālama ʻana i nā haumia a me nā ʻeaea i loko o ka hehee e like me ka haʻahaʻa. Loaʻa i nā ʻāpana paʻi-sintered kahi porosity koena a hōʻike i kahi ʻano hoʻolālā maikaʻi. He palupalu kēia ʻano hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi me ka porosity paʻa i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka ʻino o ka metala ma muli o nā hoʻoheheʻe oxidic. ʻO kekahi pilikia ʻē aʻe no nā kristal sapphire he mau ʻōhū kinoea liʻiliʻi i loko o ka hehee. Hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ʻōpū kinoea e ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻili o ka ʻāpana refractory e pili ana me ka heheʻe.

No ka hoʻopau ʻana i kēia mau pilikia o nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia-sintered, hoʻohana mākou i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau mechanical. Ua hoʻāʻo mākou i ke ʻano me kahi mea paʻi paʻi kahi e hana ai kahi mea seramika i ka ʻili ma lalo o kahi kaomi i wehewehe ʻia o kahi ʻāpana paʻi-sintered [10]. ʻO ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ma luna o ka ʻili he inversely ma muli o ka ʻili pili o ka mea hana ceramic i ka wā o kēia hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻili. Me kēia lapaʻau hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻāina i ka ʻili o nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia-sintered a ʻo ka ʻili o nā mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Hōʻike ka Figure 5 i kahi laʻana o ka molybdenum specimen i kaomi ʻia i hana ʻia me kēia ʻenehana.
Hōʻike maʻamau ka Figure 6 i ka hilinaʻi o ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ma luna o ke kaomi mea hana. Loaʻa ka ʻikepili mai nā ana o nā imprint static o ka mea hana ma ka molybdenum kaomi-sintered. Hōʻike ka laina i ke kūpono i ka ʻikepili e like me kā mākou kumu hoʻohālike.

Hōʻike ka Figure 7 i nā hualoaʻa hoʻopalekana i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia no ke ana ʻana o ka ʻili a me ka paʻakikī o ka ʻili ma ke ʻano he hana o ke kaomi mea paahana no nā ʻano mea paʻi-sintered i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e like me nā disks. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Figure 7(a) ka hopena o ka mālama ʻana i ka paʻakikī o ka ʻili. Hoʻonui ʻia ka paʻakikī o nā mea i hoʻāʻo ʻia ʻo Mo a me MoW30 ma kahi o 150%. No nā mea paʻahana kiʻekiʻe ʻaʻole e piʻi hou ka paʻakikī. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 7(b) he hiki ke hiki i nā ʻili laumeʻa loa me Ra me ka haʻahaʻa 0.1 μm no Mo. No ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā paʻi paʻahana, piʻi hou ka ʻawaʻawa o Mo. No ka mea ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka MoW30 (a me W) ma mua o Mo, ʻo nā koina Ra i loaʻa o MoW30 a me W ma ke ʻano he 2-3 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka Mo. Ma ke kūʻē ʻana iā Mo, e emi ana ka ʻili o ka ʻili o W ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaomi mea hana kiʻekiʻe. hoʻāʻo ʻia ka laulā hoʻohālikelike.
ʻO kā mākou mau haʻawina electron microscopy (SEM) o nā ʻili i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hōʻoia i ka ʻikepili o ka ʻawaʻawa o ka ʻili, e ʻike i ke Kiʻi 7(b). E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 8(a), ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea paʻahana kiʻekiʻe ke alakaʻi i ka pōʻino o ka ʻili palaoa a me nā microcracks. Hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ke koʻikoʻi o ka ʻili kiʻekiʻe loa, e ʻike i ke Kiʻi 8(b). Hiki ke nānā ʻia nā hopena like no MoW a me W ma kekahi mau ʻāpana mīkini.
No ke aʻo ʻana i ka hopena o ka ʻenehana hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻili e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka palaoa a me kona ʻano wela, ua hoʻomākaukau mākou i nā laʻana annealing mai nā disk hoʻāʻo ʻekolu o Mo, MoW30 a me W.

Ua mālama ʻia nā laʻana no nā hola 2 ma nā mahana hoʻāʻo like ʻole ma ka laulā 800 °C a 2000 °C a ua mākaukau nā microsections no ka nānā ʻana i ka microscopy māmā.
Hōʻike ka Figure 9 i nā hiʻohiʻona microsection o ka molybdenum i kaomi-sintered. Hōʻike ʻia ke kūlana mua o ka ʻili i mālama ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 9(a). Hōʻike ka ʻili i kahi papa kokoke i loko o kahi ākea o 200 μm. Ma lalo o kēia papa ʻike ʻia kahi ʻano mea maʻamau me nā pores sintering, ʻo ke koena porosity ma kahi o 5%. ʻO ke koena porosity i ana ʻia i loko o ka papa ʻili ma lalo o 1%. Hōʻike ke kiʻi 9(b) i ke ʻano o ka palaoa ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana no 2 mau hola ma 1700 °C. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka mānoanoa o ka ʻili o ka ʻili a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻanoʻai ma mua o ka nui o ka leo i hoʻololi ʻole ʻia e ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana. E hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka mea kolo o kēia ʻano mea.
Ua aʻo mākou i ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka wela o ka ʻili o ka ʻili e pili ana i ka mānoanoa a me ka nui o ka palaoa no nā kaomi mea hana like ʻole. Hōʻike ke Kiʻi 10 i nā laʻana hōʻike no ka mānoanoa o ka papa honua no Mo a me MoW30. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 10(a) pili ka mānoanoa o ka papa honua mua i ka hoʻonohonoho mea hana mīkini. Ma kahi mahana annealing ma luna o 800 °C e hoʻomaka ka mānoanoa o ka ʻili o Mo. Ma 2000 °C hiki i ka mānoanoa papa i nā waiwai o 0.3 a 0.7 mm. No MoW30 hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka mānoanoa o ka papa honua no nā mahana ma luna o 1500 °C e like me ka hōʻike ʻana i ke Kiʻi 10(b). Akā naʻe ma 2000 °C ua like loa ka mānoanoa papa o MoW30 me Mo.

E like me ka nānā 'ana i ka mānoanoa o ka papa honua, hō'ike ka 'Ike 11 i ka 'ikepili nui o ka palaoa no Mo a me MoW30 i ana 'ia ma ka papa honua ma ke 'ano he hana o ka wela annealing. E like me ka hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai nā kiʻi, ʻo ka nui o ka palaoa - i loko o ke ana maopopo ʻole - kūʻokoʻa i ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho pili. Hōʻike ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa i ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻili. Ke ulu nei nā hua Molybdenum i nā mahana ho'āʻo ma luna o 1100 °C a ʻo ka nui o ka palaoa ua aneane 3 manawa nui ma 2000 °C i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka nui o ka palaoa mua. Hoʻomaka ka ulu ʻana o nā hua MoW30 o ka papa hoʻonaʻauao ma luna o ka mahana o 1500 °C. Ma kahi mahana ho'āʻo o 2000 °C ʻo ka awelika o ka palaoa ma kahi o 2 mau manawa o ka nui o ka palaoa mua.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, hōʻike kā mākou noiʻi ʻana i ka ʻenehana hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka ʻili he mea kūpono ia no nā alloys molybdenum tungsten i kaomi ʻia. Ke hoʻohana nei i kēia ʻano, hiki ke loaʻa i nā ʻili me ka paʻakikī a me nā ʻili laumeʻa me Ra ma lalo o 0.5 μm. He mea pono loa ka waiwai hope no ka hoemi kinoea. ʻO ke koena porosity i ka papa honua kokoke i ka ʻole. Hōʻike nā haʻawina Annealing a me nā microsection e hiki ke loaʻa kahi papa ʻili ākea me ka mānoanoa maʻamau o 500 μm. Ma kēia e hiki ai i ka ʻāpana mīkini ke hoʻomalu i ka mānoanoa papa. I ka wehe ʻana i ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā wela kiʻekiʻe e like me ka mea maʻamau i nā ʻano ulu sapphire, lilo ka ʻili o ka ʻili i mea ʻeleʻele me ka nui o ka palaoa 2-3 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka hana ʻole ʻana i ka mīkini. He kūʻokoʻa ka nui o ka palaoa ma ka ʻili o ka ʻili i nā ʻāpana mīkini. Hoʻemi maikaʻi ʻia ka helu o nā palena palaoa ma ka ʻili. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i kahi kūʻē kiʻekiʻe e kūʻē i ka laha ʻana o nā mea ma nā palena o ka palaoa a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe o ka creep o ke kaomi-sintered molybdenum tungsten alloys.

Nā haʻawina hoʻomaʻemaʻe o ka alumina wai ma nā metala refractory
ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o ka alumina wai ma ka molybdenum a i ʻole tungsten he mea hoihoi nui ia i ka ʻoihana sapphire. No ke kaʻina hana EFG, ʻo ka hana pulu alumina i loko o nā capillaries die-pack e hoʻoholo ai i ka ulu ʻana o nā lāʻau sapphire a i ʻole lipine. No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hopena o nā mea i koho ʻia, ka ʻeleʻele o ka ʻili a i ʻole ka lewa kaʻina hana, ua hana mākou i nā ana kikoʻī hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai [11].
No nā ana pulu ʻana, ua hana ʻia nā substrate hoʻāʻo me ka nui o 1 x 5 x 40 mm³ mai Mo, MoW25 a me nā mea pepa W. Ma ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka uila kiʻekiʻe ma o ka substrate pepa metala hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka mahana heheʻe o ka alumina o 2050 °C i loko o ka hapalua minuke. No nā ana kihi, ua kau ʻia nā ʻāpana alumina liʻiliʻi ma luna o nā ʻāpana pepa a ma hope iho

hooheheeia iloko o na kulu. Ua hoʻopaʻa ka ʻōnaehana kiʻi ʻakomi i ka kulu hehee e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 12. ʻO kēlā me kēia hoʻokolohua hoʻoheheʻe-lele e hiki ke ana i ka huina pulu ma ke kālailai ʻana i ka contour droplet, e ʻike i ke kiʻi 12(a), a ʻo ka baseline baseline maʻamau ma hope koke o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka. ke au mehana, e nana i ke Kii 12(b).
Ua hana mākou i nā ana ʻana o ka ʻāʻī no nā kūlana lewa like ʻole, ʻo ka vacuum ma 10-5mbar a me ka argon ma ke kaomi 900 mbar. Eia hou, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā ʻano ʻili ʻelua, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻili ʻōpala me Ra ~ 1 μm a me nā ʻili laulima me Ra ~ 0.1 μm.
Hōʻuluʻulu ka Papa II i nā hopena o nā ana a pau ma nā kihi pulu no Mo, MoW25 a me W no nā ʻili pahee. Ma keʻano laulā, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kihi pulu o Mo i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hōʻike kēia i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka alumina e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo Mo ka mea e pono ai i ka ʻenehana ulu EFG. ʻO nā kihi pulu i loaʻa no ka argon he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā kihi no ka vacuum. No ka ʻili o ka substrate, ʻike mākou i nā kihi pulu haʻahaʻa. ʻO kēia mau waiwai ma kahi o 2° ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā kihi i hāʻawi ʻia ma ka Papa II. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka maopopo ʻole o ke ana ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā ʻili paheʻe a me nā ʻili.

Ua ana pū mākou i nā kihi pulu no nā kaomi lewa ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi nā waiwai ma waena o 10-5 mbar a me 900 mbar. Hōʻike ka hōʻike mua ʻana no nā kaomi ma waena o 10-5 mbar a me 1 mbar ʻaʻole e loli ka ʻānela pulu. Ma luna o 1 mbar wale nō ka emi ʻana o ke kihi pulu ma mua o ka ʻike ʻia ma 900 mbar argon (Pakaukau II). Ma waho aʻe o ke ʻano o ka lewa, ʻo kekahi kumu koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o ka alumina heheʻe ʻo ia ke kaomi ʻāpana oxygen. Hōʻike kā mākou mau hoʻāʻo ʻana e hana ʻia nā pilina kemika ma waena o ka melt a me nā substrates metala i loko o ka lōʻihi o ke ana piha ʻana (maʻamau 1 minuke). Manaʻo mākou e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā kaʻina hana o nā molekala Al2O3 i loko o nā ʻāpana oxygen ʻē aʻe e pili ana me ka mea substrate kokoke i ka kulu hehee. Ke hoʻomau nei nā haʻawina hou i kēia manawa no ka noiʻi ʻana i nā kikoʻī ʻē aʻe i ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ke kaomi ʻana o ke kihi pulu a me nā pilina kemika o ka heheʻe me nā metala refractory.