He aha kāu mea i loko? ʻAʻole noʻonoʻo ka hapa nui o mākou i nā mea e hiki ai ke ola hou. Eia naʻe, pili nā ʻenehana e like me nā kelepona akamai, nā kaʻa uila, nā kīwī nui a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ikehu ʻōmaʻomaʻo i nā ʻano mea kemika a ka hapa nui o ka poʻe i lohe ʻole. A hiki i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 20, ua manaʻo ʻia ka nui o nā mea ʻike wale nō - akā i kēia manawa he mea nui lākou. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, aia i kahi kelepona paʻa ma luna o ka hapakolu o nā mea i loko o ka papaʻaina.

Ke makemake nei ka nui o ka poʻe e komo i kēia mau ʻenehana, ke ulu nei ka koi no nā mea koʻikoʻi. Akā, pili ka lako i nā ʻano politika, hoʻokele waiwai a me nā kumu honua, e hana ana i nā kumukūʻai paʻakikī a me nā loaʻa nui. Hoʻolilo kēia i ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i ka ʻeli ʻana i kēia mau metala he ʻoihana pilikia. Ma lalo iho nei kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o nā mea a mākou i hilinaʻi ai i ʻike i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai (a me kekahi hāʻule) i nā makahiki i hala.

ʻO ke kopa

Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Cobalt no nā kenekulia e hana i nā aniani polū a me nā aniani seramika. I kēia lā, he mea koʻikoʻi ia i nā superalloys no nā ʻenekini jet hou, a me nā pihi e hoʻoikaika i kā mākou kelepona a me nā kaʻa uila. Ua piʻi wikiwiki ka noi no kēia mau kaʻa i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, me ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana o ke ao holoʻokoʻa ma mua o ka ʻekolu mai 200,000 i 2013 a i 750,000 i 2016. Ua piʻi aʻe nā kūʻai kelepona kelepona - i ʻoi aku ma mua o 1.5 biliona ma 2017 - ʻoiai ʻo ka piʻi mua loa ma ka hopena. o ka makahiki e hōʻike ana paha ua piha kekahi mau mākeke.

Ma waho aʻe o ka noi mai nā ʻoihana kuʻuna, ua kōkua kēia i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kumukūʻai kobalt mai ka £15 i ke kilo a kokoke i ka £70 i ka kilo i nā makahiki ʻekolu i hala. ʻO ka mōʻaukala ʻo ʻApelika ke kumu nui loa o nā minerala cobalt akā ke piʻi aʻe ka noi a me nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka palekana lako ʻo ia ka mea e wehe ana nā mines hou ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe e like me ka US. Akā i kahi kiʻi o ka volatility o ka mākeke, ua hoʻonui ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kumukūʻai e hāʻule i ka 30% i nā mahina i hala.

Nā mea ʻeleʻele laha ʻole

ʻO ka "rare earths" he hui o 17 mau mea. ʻOiai ʻo ko lākou inoa, ʻike mākou i kēia manawa ʻaʻole lākou ka liʻiliʻi, a loaʻa pinepine ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he hopena o ka eli nui o ka hao, titanium a i ʻole ka uranium. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomalu ʻia kā lākou hana e Kina, ka mea i hāʻawi ma luna o 95% o ka lako honua.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāina ʻokoʻa i nā kaʻa uila a me nā turbines makani, kahi ʻelua o nā mea, neodymium a me praseodymium, he mea koʻikoʻi no ka hana ʻana i nā mana mana i nā kaʻa uila a me nā mea hana. Loaʻa ʻia kēlā mau magnet ma nā kelepona kelepona a me nā microphones.

ʻOkoʻa a loli nui nā kumukūʻai no nā honua ʻokoʻa. No ka laʻana, alakaʻi ʻia e ka ulu ʻana o nā kaʻa uila a me ka mana makani, ua piʻi nā kumukūʻai neodymium oxide i ka hopena o 2017 ma £ 93 i ka kilo, ʻelua ʻelua o ke kumukūʻai waena o 2016, ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻana i nā pae ma kahi o 40% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 2016. ʻO kēlā volatility a me ka palekana o ʻO ka hoʻolako ʻana ʻo ia ka nui o nā ʻāina e ʻimi nei e ʻimi i kā lākou mau kumu ponoʻī o nā honua laha a i ʻole e hoʻokaʻawale i kā lākou lako mai Kina.

Galium

He mea ʻē ka Gallium. Ma kona ʻano metala, hiki iā ia ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka lā wela (ma luna o 30°C). Akā i ka hui pū ʻana me ka arsenic e hana i ka gallium arsenide, hana ia i kahi semiconductor kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ikaika i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā micro-electronics e hana akamai ai kā mākou kelepona. Me ka nitrogen (gallium nitride), hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā kukui uila haʻahaʻa (LED) me ke kala kūpono (ʻulaʻula a ʻōmaʻomaʻo paha nā LED ma mua o ka gallium nitride). Eia hou, hana nui ʻia ka gallium ma ke ʻano he huahana o nā mea ʻeli metala ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui no ka hao a me ka zinc, akā ʻaʻole like me kēlā mau metala ua ʻoi aku kona kumukūʻai ma mua o ka pālua mai ka makahiki 2016 a i ka £ 315 hoʻokahi kilokani i Mei 2018.

Indium

ʻO Indium kekahi o nā mea metala laha loa ma ka honua akā e nānā paha ʻoe i kēlā me kēia lā ʻoiai ke hilinaʻi nei nā pale palahalaha a paʻi i kahi ʻāpana lahilahi o ka indium tin oxide. Loaʻa ʻia ka mea nui ma ke ʻano he hopena o ka mining zinc a loaʻa paha iā ʻoe hoʻokahi gram o ka indium mai 1,000 tons o ka ʻai.

ʻOiai ʻaʻohe mea liʻiliʻi, he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ia o nā mea uila no ka mea ʻaʻohe mea hiki ke hana i kēia manawa no ka hana ʻana i nā pale paʻi. Eia nō naʻe, manaʻolana nā ʻepekema ʻelua ʻano kalapona i kapa ʻia ʻo graphene e hāʻawi i kahi hopena. Ma hope o ka hāʻule nui ʻana i ka makahiki 2015, ua piʻi aʻe ke kumukūʻai e 50% ma nā pae 2016-17 a hiki i ka £350 i hoʻokahi kilokani, i alakaʻi nui ʻia e kona hoʻohana ʻana i nā pale palahalaha.

Tungsten

ʻO Tungsten kekahi o nā mea kaumaha loa, ʻelua ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ke kila. Ua hilinaʻi mākou iā ia no ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana i ko mākou mau hale, i ka wā i hoʻohana ai nā ʻōpuʻu kukui uila kahiko i kahi filament tungsten lahilahi. Akā ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻonā kukui haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hoʻopau wale i nā kukui tungsten, ʻo ka hapa nui o mākou e hoʻohana mau i ka tungsten i kēlā me kēia lā. Me ka cobalt a me ka neodymium, ʻo ia ka mea e haʻalulu ai kā mākou kelepona. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea ʻekolu a pau i ka nui liʻiliʻi akā kaumaha i wili ʻia e kahi kaʻa i loko o kā mākou kelepona i mea e hana ai i nā haʻalulu.

Hoʻokumu pū ʻia ʻo Tungsten me ke kalapona i kahi seramika paʻakikī loa no ka ʻoki ʻana i nā mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mīkini ʻana i nā mea metala i ka aerospace, pale a me nā ʻoihana kaʻa. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā ʻāpana pale ʻaʻahu i ka ʻaila a me ka ʻili kinoea, ka mining a me nā mīkini hoʻoheheʻe tunnel. Hele pū ʻo Tungsten i ka hana ʻana i nā kila hana kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO Tungsten ore kekahi o nā minela liʻiliʻi e ʻeli hou ʻia nei ma UK, me kahi mine tungsten-tin ore moe kokoke i Plymouth e wehe hou ana i ka makahiki 2014. Ua hakakā ka mine ma muli o nā kumukūʻai o ka honua. Ua hāʻule nā ​​kumukūʻai mai 2014 a i 2016 akā ua hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia i nā waiwai mua o 2014 e hāʻawi ana i kahi manaʻolana no ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka maina.