1. Gabatarwa

Wayoyin Tungsten, masu kauri daga da yawa zuwa dubun micro-mita, ana yin su ta filastik zuwa karkace kuma ana amfani da su don fitowar haske da fitarwa. Kerarrewar waya ta dogara ne akan fasahar foda, watau tungsten foda da aka samu ta hanyar sinadarai ana jujjuya su a jere don latsawa, ƙwanƙwasa, da ƙera filastik (ƙirƙirar rotary da zane). Yi la'akari da cewa tsarin iska na waya yana buƙatar haifar da kyawawan kaddarorin filastik kuma "ba mai girma ba" elasticity. A gefe guda, saboda yanayin amfani da spirals, kuma a sama da duka, juriya mai girma da ake buƙata, wayoyi masu recrystallized ba su dace da samarwa ba, musamman ma idan suna da tsari mai laushi.

Gyara kayan aikin injiniya da filastik na kayan me-tallic, musamman, rage ƙarfin aiki mai ƙarfi ba tare da annashuwa ba yana yiwuwa ta amfani da horo na injina. Wannan tsari ya ƙunshi ƙaddamar da ƙarfe zuwa maimaitawa, canzawa, da ƙananan nakasar filastik. An rubuta tasirin rikice-rikice na cyclic akan kayan aikin ƙarfe, da sauransu, a cikin takardar Bochniak da Mosor [1], anan ta amfani da CuSn 6.5 % tin tagulla. An nuna cewa horar da injina yana haifar da laushin aiki.
Abin takaici, ma'aunin injina na wayoyi na tungsten da aka ƙaddara a cikin gwaje-gwajen tensile masu sauƙi na uniaxial ba su isa ba don yin hasashen halayensu a cikin samar da tsarin spirals. Waɗannan wayoyi, duk da makamantan kaddarorin inji, galibi ana siffanta su da mabanbantan lallacewar iska. Don haka, lokacin da ake kimanta halayen fasaha na wayar tungsten, ana ɗaukar sakamakon gwaje-gwajen masu zuwa don zama abin dogaro: core winding, unidirectional torsion, compres-sion-gefen wuka, lankwasa-da-miƙe, ko sake jujjuya makaɗa [2] . Kwanan nan, an ba da shawarar sabon gwajin fasaha [3], wanda aka sanya wa waya zuwa gajiyar lokaci guda tare da tashin hankali (gwajin TT), kuma yanayin damuwa-a ra'ayin marubutan-yana kusa da abin da ke faruwa a cikin tsarin samarwa. na fila-ments. Bugu da ƙari, sakamakon gwajin TT da aka gudanar a kan wayoyi na tung-sten tare da diamita daban-daban sun nuna ikonsa na tsammanin halayen su na gaba yayin tafiyar da fasaha [4, 5].

Manufar aikin da aka gabatar a nan ita ce amsa tambayar ko, kuma idan, har zuwa wane irin amfani da maganin nakasar hawan keke (CDT) akan waya tungsten ta ci gaba da lankwasawa da yawa tare da hanyar shearing [6], na iya canza injinsa da fasaha. muhimman kaddarorin.

Gabaɗaya magana, nakasar ƙarafa (misali, ta tashin hankali da matsawa ko lankwasa biyu) na iya kasancewa tare da tsarin tsari guda biyu daban-daban. Na farko shi ne halayyar ga nakasawa da kananan amplitudes da

ya haɗa da abin da ake kira al'amuran gajiyawa, wanda ke haifar da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfe mai ƙarfin aiki ya juya ya zama mai laushi mai laushi kafin halakar ta ta faru [7].

Tsari na biyu, wanda ke da rinjaye a lokacin nakasawa tare da haɓaka mai girma, yana haifar da haɓakar haɓakar ƙwayoyin filastik masu haifar da tsagewa. A sakamakon haka, akwai rarrabuwa mai yawa na tsarin ƙarfe, musamman, kirkirar hatsi na Nano, saboda haka, babban karuwa a cikin kaddarorinta na kayan aikinta a kuɗin aiki. Ana samun irin wannan tasiri a misali, ci gaba da maimaita corrugation da hanyar daidaitawa ta hanyar Huang et al. [8], wanda ya ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i, madadin, wucewa (birgima) na tube tsakanin "geared" da kuma santsi, ko kuma ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa, wanda shine hanyar ci gaba da lankwasawa a ƙarƙashin tashin hankali [9], inda tsiri mai shimfiɗa. yana rikicewa saboda motsi mai juyawa tare da tsawon sa na jujjuyawar juzu'i. Tabbas, ana iya samun ɗimbin rarrabuwar hatsi a lokacin nakasar monotonic tare da babban nau'i, ta amfani da hanyoyin da ake kira matsanancin lalata filastik, musamman, hanyoyin Equal Channel Angular Extrusion [10] galibi suna gamsar da sharuɗɗan don sauƙi. karafa. Abin takaici, ana amfani da su akan sikelin dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma a zahiri ba zai yiwu ba

don amfani da su don samun takamaiman kaddarorin inji na dogayen tube ko wayoyi.

An kuma yi wasu yunƙuri don tantance tasirin canjin juzu'i da aka yi amfani da shi tare da ƙananan nakasassu akan ikon kunna abubuwan gaji. Sakamakon binciken gwaje-gwajen da aka gudanar [11] a kan igiyoyin jan karfe da cobalt ta hanyar saɓani tare da shear ya tabbatar da labarin da ke sama. Ko da yake sabani tare da hanyar sausaya yana da sauƙin amfani da sassa na ƙarfe na lebur, ƙarin aikace-aikacen wayoyi kai tsaye ba ya da ma'ana, saboda, ta ma'anarsa, baya ba da garantin samun tsari mai karimci, don haka kaddarorin iri ɗaya akan kewaye (tare da radius mai madaidaici) na waya. Don haka, wannan takarda tana amfani da sabuwar hanyar da aka kirkira kuma ta asali ta CDT da aka ƙera don siraran wayoyi, bisa ci gaba da lankwasawa da yawa tare da shearing.

Hoto 1 Tsarin tsarin horar da injina na wayoyi:1 tungsten waya,2 nada da waya don cirewa,3 tsarin shida juyawa ya mutu,4 juzu'i,5 karya nauyi, kuma6 birki (Silinda karfe tare da band na tagulla a kusa da shi)

2. Gwaji

An yi CDT na waya tungsten tare da diamita na μm 200 akan na'urar gwaji na musamman wanda aka nuna tsarinsa a hoto. 1. Waya mara kyau (1) daga nada

(2) tare da diamita na 100 mm, an gabatar da shi a cikin tsarin mutuwa shida (3), tare da ramukan diamita guda ɗaya kamar waya, waɗanda aka gyara a cikin gidaje na kowa kuma suna juyawa a kusa da axis a gudun 1,350 rev/ min. Bayan wucewa ta na'urar, an sake kunna waya a kan nada (4) tare da diamita na 100 mm yana juyawa a gudun 115 rev/min. Matsalolin da aka yi amfani da su yanke shawarar saurin madaidaiciyar waya dangane da mutuwar mai juyawa shine 26.8 mm/rev.

Tsarin da ya dace na tsarin mutuwar yana nufin cewa kowane daƙiƙa ya mutu yana jujjuyawa cikin yanayi (Fig. 2), kuma kowane yanki na waya da ke wucewa ta cikin mutuwar tana jujjuya ci gaba da lankwasawa da yawa tare da yin shear ta hanyar guga a gefen saman ciki na mutuwar.

Hoto 2 Tsarin tsari na mai juyawa ya mutu (wanda aka yiwa lakabi da lamba3 a cikin siffa 1)

Hoto 3 Tsarin mutuwa: ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya; b asali sassa:1 mutuwa centric,2 mutuƙar eccentric,3 zoben sarari

Wayar da ba ta da tushe ta kasance ƙarƙashin rinjayar danniya na farko saboda aikace-aikacen tashin hankali, wanda ba wai kawai yana kare shi daga haɗuwa ba, amma kuma yana ƙayyade haɗin gwiwar juna na lankwasa da lalacewa. Wannan ya yiwu a cim ma godiya ta hanyar birki da aka ɗora a kan nada a cikin nau'in tsiri na tagulla na gwangwani wanda aka matse da nauyi (wanda aka tsara a matsayin 5 da 6 a cikin siffa 1). Hoto na 3 yana nuna bayyanar horon na'urar idan an naɗe su, da kowane ɓangaren sa. An gudanar da horar da wayoyi tare da ma'aunin nauyi guda biyu:

4.7 da 8.5 N, har zuwa hudu suna wucewa ta saitin ya mutu. Danniya axial ya kai 150 da 270 MPa.

Gwajin tensile na waya (dukansu a yanayin farko da horarwa) an yi su akan injin gwajin Zwick Roell. Tsawon ma'aunin samfuran ya kasance mm 100 kuma ƙimar ƙarancin ƙarfi ya kasance

8×10^-3 s^-1. A kowane hali, ma'aunin ma'auni ɗaya (ga kowane

na bambance-bambancen) yana wakiltar aƙalla samfurori biyar.

An yi gwajin TT akan na'ura na musamman wanda tsarinsa aka nuna a cikin siffa 4 da Bochniak et al ya gabatar a baya. (2010). An sanya tsakiyar wayar tungsten (1) tare da tsawon 1 m a cikin kama (2), sa'an nan kuma iyakarta, bayan wucewa ta cikin jagoran jagora (3), da kuma haɗa ma'auni (4) na 10 N kowanne. an toshe su a cikin matsi (5). Motsin jujjuyawar kama (2) ya haifar da jujjuyawar waya guda biyu

(reled a kansu), tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙarshen samfurin da aka gwada, an gudanar da shi tare da karuwa a hankali na damuwa.

Sakamakon gwajin shine adadin karkatattun (N_T) da ake buƙata don ɓarkewar waya kuma yawanci yakan faru a gaban tangle da aka kafa, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Fig. 5. Akalla gwaje-gwaje goma a kowane bambance-bambancen an yi. Bayan horon, wayar tana da ɗan ƙaramin siffa. Ya kamata a jaddada cewa bisa ga takardun Bochniak and Pieła (2007) [4] da Filipek (2010)

[5] gwajin TT hanya ce mai sauƙi, sauri, kuma mai arha don tantance halayen fasaha na wayoyi waɗanda aka yi niyya don iska.

Hoto 4 Tsarin gwajin TT:1 waya mai gwadawa,2 kama mai jujjuyawa da injin lantarki, haɗe da na'urar rikodin murɗawa,3 jagora rolls,4nauyi,5 jaws suna murƙushe ƙarshen waya

3. Sakamako

Ana nuna tasirin tashin hankali na farko da adadin wucewa a cikin tsarin CDT akan kaddarorin wayoyi na tungsten a cikin Fig. 6 da 7. Babban tarwatsawa na sigogi na inji na waya yana kwatanta ma'aunin inhomogeneity na kayan da aka samu ta hanyar fasahar foda, sabili da haka, binciken da aka gudanar ya mayar da hankali kan yanayin canje-canje na kaddarorin da aka gwada kuma ba a kan cikakkiyar dabi'u ba.

Waya tungsten na kasuwanci yana da matsakaicin ƙimar ƙimar yawan amfanin ƙasa (YS) daidai da 2,026 MPa, ƙarfin ƙarfi na ƙarshe (UTS) na 2,294 MPa, jimlar elongation na

A≈2.6% da kuma N_Tkamar yadda 28. Ko da kuwa

Girman tashin hankali da aka yi amfani da shi, CDT yana haifar da ƙaramin ƙarami

raguwar UTS (bai wuce 3% na waya ba bayan wucewa huɗu), da duka YS daA zama in mun gwada da matakin daya (Figs. 6a-c da 7a-c).

Hoto 5 Duban tungsten waya bayan karaya a cikin gwajin TT

Hoto 6 Tasirin horar da injiniyoyi (adadin wucewa n) akan inji (a-c) da fasaha (d) (wanda aka ayyana ta N_Ta cikin gwajin TT) Properties na tungsten waya; Ma'aunin nauyi na 4.7 N

CDT koyaushe yana haifar da ƙaruwa mai mahimmanci a cikin adadin murɗawar waya N_T. Musamman, don wucewa biyu na farko, N_Tya kai fiye da 34 don tashin hankali na 4.7 N da kusan 33 don tashin hankali na 8.5 N. Wannan yana wakiltar karuwar kusan 20 % dangane da wayar kasuwanci. Aiwatar da mafi girman adadin wucewa yana haifar da ƙarin haɓaka a cikin N_Tkawai a cikin yanayin horo a ƙarƙashin tashin hankali na 4.7 N. Wayar bayan wucewa hudu yana nuna matsakaicin girman N_Twuce 37, wanda, idan aka kwatanta da waya a farkon yanayin, yana wakiltar karuwa fiye da 30 %. Ƙarin horar da waya a mafi girman tashin hankali ba zai sake canza girman da aka samu a baya ba_Tdabi'u (Figs. 6d da 7d).

4. Nazari

Sakamakon da aka samu ya nuna cewa hanyar da ake amfani da ita don CDT na tungsten a zahiri ba ta canza ma'aunin injin ta da aka ƙaddara a cikin gwaje-gwajen tensile (an sami raguwa kaɗan kawai a cikin ƙarfin ƙarfi na ƙarshe), amma yana ƙaruwa sosai.

kaddarorin fasaha suna nufin samar da karkace; ana wakilta wannan da adadin murƙushewa a cikin gwajin TT. Wannan yana tabbatar da sakamakon binciken farko na Bochniak and Pieła (2007)

[4] game da rashin haɗuwa da sakamakon gwajin tensile tare da halayen da aka lura na wayoyi a cikin tsarin samar da spirals.

Halin wayoyi na tungsten akan aiwatar da CDT ya dogara sosai akan tashin hankali da aka yi amfani da su. A low-tension ƙarfi, mutum yana lura da wani parabolic ci gaba a cikin adadin karkatarwa tare da adadin wucewa, yayin da aikace-aikace na mafi girma dabi'u na tashin hankali kai (riga bayan biyu wucewa) zuwa cimma yanayin jikewa da kuma tabbatar da a baya samu fasahar. kaddarorin (Figs. 6d da 7d).

Irin wannan amsa daban-daban na wayar tungsten yana jaddada gaskiyar cewa girman tashin hankali yana ƙayyadad da sauye-sauyen ƙididdiga biyu na yanayin damuwa da yanayin nakasu na kayan kuma saboda haka halayen sa na roba-roba. Yin amfani da tashin hankali mafi girma yayin aiwatar da lankwasa filastik a cikin waya yana wucewa tsakanin rashin daidaituwa na mutuwa yana haifar da ƙaramin radius mai lanƙwasawa; don haka, nau'in robobin da ke cikin wata hanya madaidaiciya daidai gwargwado ga axis na waya da ke da alhakin tsarin juzu'i ya fi girma kuma yana haifar da kwararar filastik da aka keɓance a cikin maƙallan shear. A gefe guda kuma, ƙananan tashin hankali yana haifar da tsarin CDT na waya ya faru tare da mafi girman sa hannu na nau'in roba (wato, ɓangaren filastik ya fi ƙanƙanta), wanda ke ba da fifiko ga nakasar kamanni. Waɗannan yanayi sun bambanta da abin da ke faruwa yayin gwajin tensile uniaxial.

Hakanan ya kamata a lura cewa CDT yana haɓaka halayen fasaha kawai don wayoyi masu inganci, watau, ba tare da lahani mai mahimmanci na ciki ba (pores, voids, discontinuities, micro-cracks, rashin isasshen mannewa a kan iyakokin hatsi, da dai sauransu). .) sakamakon samar da waya ta foda metallurgy. In ba haka ba, haɓakar haɓakar ƙimar da aka samu na murƙushe N_Ttare da karuwar adadin wucewa yana nuna zurfafa bambance-bambancen tsarin waya a sassa daban-daban (a tsawon lokaci) don haka yana iya zama ma'auni mai amfani don tantance ingancin wayar kasuwanci. Wadannan matsalolin za su zama batun bincike na gaba.

Hoto 7 Tasirin horar da injiniyoyi (adadin wucewa n) akan inji (a-c) da fasaha (d) (wanda aka ayyana ta N_Ta cikin gwajin TT) Properties na tungsten waya; An haɗe ƙimar nauyin 8.5 N

5. Ƙarshe

1, CDT na tungsten wayoyi suna inganta kaddarorin fasahar su, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin torsion tare da gwajin tashin hankali ta N_Tkafin karaya.

2. Yawan N_TFihirisar da kusan kashi 20% ana kaiwa ta hanyar waya da aka yiwa jerin CDT guda biyu.

3, Girman tashin hankali na waya a cikin tsarin CDT yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan kaddarorin fasahar sa wanda aka kwatanta da darajar N._Tindex. An kai mafi girman darajarta ta hanyar waya da aka ɗanɗana danniya (danniya mai ƙarfi).

4. Yin amfani da duka tashin hankali da ƙarin hawan keke na lankwasawa da yawa tare da shearing ba a barata ba saboda kawai yana haifar da daidaita ƙimar da aka kai a baya na N._Tindex.

5, Babban haɓakar kayan fasaha na CDT tungsten waya ba a tare da canji na ma'auni na inji da aka ƙaddara a cikin gwajin gwaji, yana tabbatar da imani da aka yi a cikin ƙananan amfani da irin wannan gwajin don tsammanin halayen fasaha na waya.

Sakamakon gwaji da aka samu yana nuna dacewa CDT na waya tungsten don samar da karkace. Musamman, dangane da hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita don ci gaba da ci gaba da tsayin waya a jere, cyclic, lankwasawa da yawa tare da danniya kaɗan, yana haifar da shakatawa na damuwa na ciki. A saboda wannan dalili, akwai ƙuntatawa ga dabi'ar watsewar waya yayin ƙirƙirar robobi na spirals. A sakamakon haka, an tabbatar da cewa rage yawan sharar gida a ƙarƙashin yanayin masana'antu yana ƙaruwa da ingantaccen tsarin samar da kayan aiki ta hanyar kawar da kayan aikin sarrafa kayan aiki na lokaci-lokaci wanda, bayan karya waya, dole ne a kunna dakatarwar gaggawa "da hannu" ta mai aiki.